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Histology > Ch. 5 Connective Tissue > Flashcards

Ch. 5 Connective Tissue Flashcards

Made of cells and extracellular matrix

1
Q

What composes extracellular matrix?

A
  • fibers
  • ground substance
  • tissue
  • special proteins
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2
Q

What is Embryonic connective tissue?

A
  • mesenchyme loosely organized

- mucous connective tiss-present in umbilical cord (Wharton’s jelly)

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3
Q

What are the Specialized Connective Tissue?

A
  • Adipose tissue
  • blood
  • bone
  • cartilage
  • hemopoetic tissue
  • lymp tiss
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4
Q

What composes the Connective Tissue Proper?

A
  • Loose Connective tissue

- Dense connective tissue:

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5
Q

Describe Loose Connective

A
  • Site of inflammation and immune response
  • thin, sparse collagen fibers
  • beneath epithelia that covers body surfaces and internal surfaces
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6
Q

Describe Dense connective

A
  • Dense irregular: abundant fibers, few cells. mostly collagen fibers
    • provides strenghth. -random organization, thick
    • Spindle fibroblast
  • Dense regular: ordered, densely packed arrays of fibers and cells
    • tendons, ligaments, aponeurisis
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7
Q

what are the 3 types of Conn tiss fibers?

A
  1. Collagen fibers: flexible, high tensile strenghth, wavy structures
    - collagen fibrils
  2. Reticular fibers: Collagen fibrils of narrower diameter and Type III collagen, -meshlike pattern

3.Elastic fibers: thinner than collagen fibers. 3D branching pattern. interwoven w/ collagen, to prevent tearing, produced by smooth muscle cells and fibroblast

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8
Q

what is ground substance?

A

little shape/morphological structure

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9
Q

what is extracellular matrix?

A

fibrous proteins, proteoglycans, glycoproteins

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10
Q

What are connective tissue cells?

A

-fibroblasts -adipose cells -macrophage(langhan’scell) -adipose cells -myofibroblast -mast cells -basophils -adipose cell -undiff mesenchymal cells and pericytes -plasma cells -eosinphils,monocytes,&neutrophils

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11
Q

Collagen Fibers and Fibrils

A
  • most abundant type
  • flexible, high tensile strength-due to covalent bonds between adjacent rows
  • Fibrils are the subunits
    - have 68 nm banding pattern
    - made of tropocollagen
  • Right-handed triple helix = alpha-chains
  • hydroxyproline/hydroxylysine (w/sugar) + gycine+proline= glycoprotein
  • 19 diffrt types of collagen:
  • type 1: loose/dense connective tissue
  • type2: hyaline & elastic cartilage
  • type 4
  • type 9

-

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12
Q

Collagen fiber formation

A
  • Inside cell, in fibroblast:
    - procollagen precursor
  • Outside cell
    - Enzymatic activity to make collagen
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13
Q

Reticular Fibers:

*provide a supporting framework for the cellular constituents of various tissues and organs

A
  • consists of collagen fibrils of type III collagen
  • mesh-like pattern or network
  • produced by reticular cell of fibroblasts and Schwann cells
  • thread-like appearance in H&E stain
  • found at boundary of connective tiss and epithelium
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14
Q

Elastic Fibers

A
  • Allows tissues to respond to stretch and distension
  • Thinner, branching pattern 3D
  • interwoven w/ coll fibers to prevent tearing
  • produced by fibroblast and smooth muscle cells, same process as collagen prod.
  • contains desmosine&isodesmosine for covalent bonding
  • is a major extracellular substance in in vertebral ligaments, larynx & elastic arteries
    - interspersed w/ collagen fibers
    - in arteries, is in form of fenestrated lamellae of smooth muscle cells

-can be distinguished from Collagen fibril when refracted in H&E stain

  • Components:
  • Elastin(center core), protein rich in proline and glycine
  • Fibrilin(surrounding), glycoprotein forming fine microfibrils
    - play an impt role in formation of elastin sheets or lamellae, like blood vessels.

-during growth, microfibrils become entrapped w/in newly deposited elastin

-

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15
Q

Ground substance

A
  • occupies space between cells & fibers
    • viscous, slippery, clear substance of high water content
  • lost in H&E stain
  • consists of proteoglycans and hyaluronic acid
    - w/ Glycoaminoglycans, responsible for the physical properties of ground substances
  • permits diffusion of O2 and nutrients between the microvasulature and cellular components of tissue
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16
Q

Extracellular matrix

A
  • a complex structural network that includes fibrous proteins, proteoglycans and several glycoproteins.
  • Fibroblast attachment functions in cellular movement
17
Q

What are the permanent residents of connective tissue cells?

A
  • fibroblasts,
  • myofibroblast
  • macrophage
  • adipose cells
  • mast cells
  • undiff mesenchymal cells
18
Q

What are the wandering residents of connective tissue cells?

A
  • lymphocytes
  • plasma cells
  • neutrophils
  • eosinophils
  • basophils
  • monocytes
19
Q

Fibroblast

A
  • principle cell type of conn. tiss
  • syn of collagen, elastic, reticular fibers, complex carbs of ground substance
  • nearby to collagen fibers
  • only nucleas visible in H&E stain
  • elongated,disklike structure
  • interact w/epithelium in normal renewal and differentiation
20
Q

Myofibroblast

A
  • displays like fibroblast and smooth muscle cells
  • elongate, spindly conn. tiss. cell
  • contain bundles of actin filament,rER, Golgi, and dense bodies
  • lacks surrounding basal lamina
  • exists as an isolated cell, with gap junctions
  • respond to tissue damage and repair
21
Q

Macrophage

A
  • phagocytotic cells derived from monocytes
  • aka Tissue Histiocytes
  • indented kidney-shaped nucleus.
  • exhibits numerous folds and finger-like projections
  • contains Golgi ap, rER,sER, mito, secretory vesicles, lysosomes
  • immune response, anaphylaxis, inflammation
  • phagocytosis as defense and cleanup activity
  • as an antigen-presenting cell, presents MHC II molecules to signal CD4+ T lymphocyte for immune response

*Foreign Body Giant Cells: when encounter larger foreigners, they may fuse to form a large cell with 100 nuclei that engulfs the foreigner

22
Q

Mast cells and Basophils

A
  • large, ovoid cells(20-30um diameter) with spherical nucleus, filled with large basophilic granules:
    - histamine and slow-reacting substance of anaphylaxis
    - Eosinophil chemotactic factor(ECF) and Neutrophil chemotactic facto (NCF)

-IMMEDIATE:hypersensitivity rxns, allergy, anaphylaxis

  • exhibits numerous mictovilli and folds
  • displays small amts of rER, mito, and Golgi ap.
  • contain heparin
  • release granules when stimulated by foreign antigen.
    - plasma cells proliferate producing antibodies like immunoglobins, which then bind to receptors on mast cell.
  • synthesize leukotrienes and prostaglandin D
  • numerous in conn. tiss of skin and mucous membranes but not in brain and spinal cord

*basophils have secretory granules. in certain immune rxns, they leave circulation and function in conn. tiss.

23
Q

Adipose cells

A
  • throughout loose conn. tiss as individ or groups called adipose tiss
  • to store neutral fat
24
Q

Pericytes

A
  • aka adventitial cells or perivascular mesenchymal cell
  • found wrapped around capillaries/venules
  • may differentiate into muscle cells
  • primary source of new cells in healing wounds
  • with fibroblasts and endothelial cells, give rise to additional cells that form new connective tissue and blood vessels.
25
Q

Lymphocytes:

3 functional cell types:

A
  • smallest cells in conn. tiss
  • thin rim cytoplasm
  • found throughout, increase at sites of tiss inflammation
  • most in lamina propia of respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts
  • express cluster of differentiation (CD) proteins
  1. T lymphocytes by presence of CD2,3,7 and TCRs
    • cell-mediated immunity
  2. B lymphocytes by CD9,19,20,24
    • recognize antigens, antibody-mediated(humoral) immunity.
      • Plasma cells-has hemochromatin for syn of large amts of protein
  3. Natural killer lymphocytes expressing CD16,56,94
    • destroy virus-infected cells and some tumor cells by cytotoxic mech
26
Q

Eosinphils, monocytes, neutrophils

A
  • rapidly migrate from blood in immune response to conn tiss.
  • acute inflammatory response
27
Q

Undiff mesenchymal cells

A

thought to give rise to differentiated cells that function in repair and form of new tiss as in wound healing

28
Q

plasma cell

A
  • prominent in loose conn
  • normal component of salivary glands, lymph nodes, and hemopoetic tissue
  • large, ovoid with lots of cytoplasm
  • nucleus spherical and offset positioned and small

Histology (11 decks)

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