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Core Concepts in Immunology > Lecture 4 and 5 Cytokines > Flashcards

Lecture 4 and 5 Cytokines Flashcards

1
Q

What are cytokines ?

A

Network signals

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2
Q

What are all cytokines ?

A

Proteins

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3
Q

What are cytokines produced in response to ?

A

Stimulation but some are produced at low levels all the time

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4
Q

What is the official definition of cytokines ?

A

Soluble extracellular proteins that regulate innate as well as the immunologically regulated inflammatory reactions, cell growth, differentiation, development and repair processes culminating in the restoration of homeostasis

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5
Q

What are some examples of cytokines ?

A
  1. interferons
  2. Interleukins
  3. Chemokines
  4. Hematopoeitic factors
  5. Growth factors
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6
Q

What are some cells which can produce cytokines ?

A
  1. Macrophage
  2. Granulocyte
  3. Mast cell
  4. Fibroblast
  5. Endothelial cell
  6. Lymphocyte
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7
Q

What do PAMPs signal ?

A

stranger present

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8
Q

What do DAMPs signal ?

A

Danger present

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9
Q

What is activated once danger or stranger is signalled ?

A
  1. Sentinel cell
  2. Drivers of inflammation
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10
Q

What are the drivers of inflammation ?

A
  1. Cytokines (IL1, TNF)
  2. Interferons (IFNa, IFNb)
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11
Q

What are some setinel cells ?

A
  1. Dendritic cells
  2. Macrophages
  3. Pattern recognition receptors
  4. Inflammasomes
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12
Q

What are two ways in which cytokines are produced ?

A
  1. Innate immune sensing pathways detect stranger and danger by inducing cytokines
  2. At the immune synapse and in T cell development
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13
Q

What are four key features of cytokines ?

A
  1. Pleiotropic
  2. Redundancy
  3. Potency
  4. As part of a network or cascade
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14
Q

What is meant by pleiotropic ?

A

Acts on many different cell types

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15
Q

What is meant by redundancy ?

A

Most have biological effects observed by another cytokine

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16
Q

What is meant by potency ?

A

Nanomolar to fentomolar range

17
Q

What are some networks or cascades in which chemokines are part of ?

A
  1. Septic shock cascade
  2. Cytokine cascase in RA
  3. Hematopoietic network
  4. Development of Th cells
18
Q

What is meant by cytokine storm and give an example ?

A

When the immune system reacts to strongly to infection for example spanish flu

19
Q

What is sepsis down to ?

A

PRR recognition

20
Q

How do cytokines exert their effects ?

A

By engaging surface receptors and ultimately sharing gene expression

21
Q

Why are cytokines pleitropic ?

A

Receptor expression on multiple cell types

22
Q

Why are cytokines redundant ?

A

Shared receptor chains and signalling motifs

23
Q

Why are cytokines potent ?

A

Due to receptor ligand affinity and signal amplification

24
Q

Why are cytokines using networks and cascades ?

A

Cytokines can induce cytokine genes

25
Q

What are the manners in which a cytokine cn function ?

A
  1. Autocrine
  2. Paracrine
  3. Endocrine
26
Q

Lecture slide 23

A
27
Q

What are some beneficial effects of cytokines ?

A
  1. Controlled/regulated/acute inflammation
  2. Protective immune responses
  3. Limited tissue damages
  4. Tissue homeostasis
28
Q

What are some harmful effects of cytokines ?

A
  1. Uncontrolled/dysregulated/chronic inflammation
  2. Harmful immune responses
  3. Excessive tissue damage
29
Q

What are the steps involved int regulation of cytokine action ?

A
  1. Expression - constitutive and rapidly induced
  2. Processing of proforms
  3. Secretion is brief, self limiting event
  4. Sequestration by soluble binding proteins
  5. IL1ra receptor antagonist
  6. Restriction of R expression to relevant cells
  7. Regulation of receptors
  8. Regulation of intracellular events after R binding
  9. Regulation by inhibitory cytokines
30
Q

What are the receptor families ?

A
  1. Type 1
  2. Type II
  3. TNFRs
  4. IL-1Rs
  5. Chemokine receptors
  6. Tyrosine kinase receptors

See slide 27 for examples

31
Q

What is an example of a type I, haematopoietic recpetor ?

A

IL -6

32
Q

What is an example of a type II receptor ?

A

Interferon receptor - IFNa and IFNy

33
Q

What is an example of a tyrosine kinase receptor ?

A

FGF

Core Concepts in Immunology (22 decks)

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