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Ellis County Paramedic Students > A&P Chapter 4 > Flashcards

A&P Chapter 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Thread-like structures that extend from one end of the muscle fiber to the other

A

Myofibrils

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2
Q

The process by which ions are moved across the cell wall to return to a polarized state

A

Repolarization

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3
Q

The muscle in a group of muscles that has the major role in movement

A

Prime Mover

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4
Q

The longest muscle in the human body, it is located in the anterior compartment of the thigh and flexes both the hip and knee when it contracts

A

Sartorius Muscle

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5
Q

The connective tissue sheath that surrounds a muscle and forms sheaths for the bundles of muscle fibers

A

Perimysium

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6
Q

A bundle of skeletal muscle cells bound together by connective tissue and forming one of the constituent elements of a muscle

A

Muscle Fasciculus

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7
Q

A condition caused by damage, either through trauma or infection, to the facial nerve, resulting in an inability to move the facial muscles on the affected side

A

Bell Palsy

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8
Q

A prime mover; a muscle that contracts to provide most of a desired movement

A

Agonist

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9
Q

An organic compound in muscle tissue that can store and provide energy for muscle contraction

A

Creatine Phosphate

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10
Q

An iron-containing red pigment, similar to hemoglobin, that is found in muscle fibers

A

Myoglobin

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11
Q

The repeating patterns of striation units that appear a long each skeletal muscle fiber

A

Sarcomeres

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12
Q

The bones and voluntary muscles of the body

A

Musculoskeletal System

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13
Q

Deep muscles of the medial compartment that adduct, flex, and internally rotate the thigh

A

Pectineus Muscles

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14
Q

A chemical neurotransmitter that serves as a mediator in both the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system

A

Acetylcholine

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15
Q

The thin transparent sheath surrounding a striated muscle fiber

A

Sarcolemma

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16
Q

An electrochemical event associated with cell membrane depolarization that occurs when a cell or tissue has been activated by a stimulus

A

Action Potentials

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17
Q

A method of action of muscle contraction involving how sarcomeres shorten, with thick and thin filaments sliding past each other toward the center of the sarcomere from both ends

A

Sliding Filament Model

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18
Q

The linear muscle of the midline of the abdomen

A

Rectus Abdominis

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19
Q

An enzyme that causes muscle relaxation by helping to break down acetylcholine

A

Acetylcholinesterase

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20
Q

Movement of the eyes in various directions

A

Extraocular Movements

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21
Q

Areas of alternating, colored bands of skeletal muscle fiber

A

Striations

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22
Q

Muscles of respiration that elevate the first two ribs during inspiration

A

Scalene Muscles

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23
Q

The component that makes up most of the thick protein filaments of the myofibrils

A

Myosin

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24
Q

A moveable part of the body to which a skeletal muscle is fastened at a moveable joint

A

Insertion

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25
Q

One of the two types of smooth muscle, it is formed into sheets of muscle (as in the walls of blood vessels), small bundles of muscles (as in the iris of the eye), or single cells (as in the capsule of the spleen)

A

Multiunit Smooth Muscle

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26
Q

The short muscle that adducts the thigh

A

Adductor Brevis

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27
Q

Sheets of muscle found in the digestive, reproductive, and urinary tracts

A

Visceral Smooth Muscle

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28
Q

A test used to evaluate the integrity of the Achilles tendon for possible rupture

A

Thompson Test

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29
Q

The junction between a motor neuron and a muscle fiber; one type of a synapse

A

Neuromuscular Junction

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30
Q

The strong tendon that joins the muscles in the posterior leg to the calcaneus

A

Achilles Tendon

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31
Q

An actin-binding protein that regulates muscle contraction and other actin-related mechanical function of the body

A

Tropomyosin

32
Q

An intracellular protein to which calcium binds, resulting in muscle contraction

A

Calmodulin

33
Q

The largest muscle of the chest wall; it adducts and internally rotates the shoulder

A

Pectoralis Major

34
Q

Chemicals produced by neurons that stimulate electrical reactions in adjacent cells

A

Neurotransmitters

35
Q

A special group of four muscles that forms a cap over the proximal humerus and ties the humerus to the scapula; it controls rotation at the shoulder joint

A

Rotator Cuff

36
Q

Conduction areas between cells (eg, in visceral smooth muscle) that interconnect individual muscle cells

A

Gap Junctions

37
Q

Located in the posterior compartment of the leg; flexes and laterally rotates the knee and extends the hip

A

Biceps Femoris

38
Q

The ability of a muscle to generate its own electrical activity

A

Intrinsic Automaticity

39
Q

The delicate connective tissue surrounding individual muscular fibers

A

Endomysium

40
Q

Muscle contained in the anterior compartment of the thigh that extends the knee when contracted

A

Quadriceps Femoris

41
Q

The region within the pelvis that contains the structures of the urogenital system

A

Urogenital Triangle

42
Q

T-tubules; membranous channels extending inward and passing through muscle fibers

A

Transverse Tubules

43
Q

A layer of fibrous connective tissue outside the epimysium that separates individual muscles and individual muscle groups

A

Fascia

44
Q

A motor neuron and the muscle fibers that it controls

A

Motor Unit

45
Q

A layer of connective tissue that closely surrounds skeletal muscles

A

Epimysium

46
Q

A regulatory protein in the actin filaments of skeletal and cardiac muscle that attaches to tropomyosin

A

Troponin

47
Q

A metabolic end product of the breakdown of glucose that accumulates when metabolism proceeds in the absence of oxygen

A

Lactic Acid

48
Q

Electrochemical changes transmitted by neurons to other neurons and to cells outside the nervous system

A

Nerve Impulse

49
Q

The area within the pelvis that contains the anus

A

Anal Triangle

50
Q

Branching fibers in cardiac muscle that allow action potentials to pass from cell to cell

A

Intercalated Disks

51
Q

Specialized nerve cells that deliver an impulse to muscle cells, causing them to contract

A

Motor Neurons

52
Q

An iron-containing protein within red blood cells that has the ability to bind to oxygen

A

Hemoglobin

53
Q

Muscles working in opposition to each other

A

Antagonists

54
Q

When a cell is at rest, ions are actively transported into and out of the cell to create an electrochemical gradient across the cell membrane

A

Polarized

55
Q

The junction between nerve cells across which nervous stimuli are transmitted. Includes the synaptic cleft, presynaptic cell membrane with synaptic vesicles and axon terminal and postsynaptic cell membrane

A

Synapse

56
Q

The space between neurons where electrical impulses trigger the release of neurotransmitters, which in turn stimulate an electrical reaction in adjacent neurons

A

Synaptic Cleft

57
Q

A system of membranes that transport materials in muscle cells

A

Sarcoplasmic Reticulum

58
Q

Fibers that contract causing movement; three types are present in the body: skeletal, smooth, and cardiac

A

Muscle

59
Q

A relatively immovable part of the body where a skeletal muscle is fastened at a moveable joint

A

Origin

60
Q

The amount of oxygen that liver cells need to convert lactic acid into glucose, as well as the amount needed by muscle cells to restore adenosine triphosphate and creatine phosphate levels

A

Oxygen Debt

61
Q

One that passes in many directions over a muscle fiber membrane after stimulation by acetylcholine

A

Muscle Impulse

62
Q

Striated muscles that are under direct volitional control of the brain; also called voluntary muscle

A

Skeletal Muscle

63
Q

Muscle that is found only in the heart, providing the contractions needed to propel the blood through the circulatory system

A

Cardiac Muscle

64
Q

The area below the coccygeus and levator ani muscles, which forms the floor of the pelvis

A

Perineum

65
Q

Broad sheets of fibers that may attach to bones or to the coverings of other muscles

A

Aponeuroses

66
Q

The rapid movement of electrolytes across a cell membrane that changes the cell’s overall charge. This rapid shifting of electrolytes and cellular charges is the main catalyst for muscle contractions and neural transmissions

A

Depolarization

67
Q

Supination of the forearm against resistance to evaluate whether a patient has bicipital tendonitis

A

Yergason Test

68
Q

A large dome-shaped muscle that forms the undersurface of the thorax, separating the chest from the abdominal cavity. Contraction of this and the chest wall muscles brings air into the lungs. Relaxation allows air to be expelled from the lungs

A

Diaphragm

69
Q

A layman’s term for traumatic soft-tissue injury to the structures of the neck, associated with sudden flexion or extension

A

Whiplash

70
Q

The flattened end of a motor neuron that transmits neural impulses to a muscle

A

Motor End Plate

71
Q

Groups of muscles that cause extension

A

Extensor Muscles

72
Q

Groups of muscles that cause flexion when contracted

A

Flexor Muscles

73
Q

Muscles that work together to accomplish a particular movement

A

Synergists

74
Q

The component that makes up most of the thin protein filaments of the myofibrils

A

Actin

75
Q

Anatomic spaces within the body that are enclosed by fascia

A

Compartments

76
Q

Accumulation of blood or fluid in a fascial compartment, typically following trauma, resulting in compression of blood vessels and tissue damage secondary to ischemia and, if not recognized and promptly treated, death of muscle and loss of the limb

A

Compartment Syndrome

77
Q

The long muscle that adducts the hip

A

Adductor Longus

Ellis County Paramedic Students (12 decks)

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