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quiz 7 > Overview of Metabolism > Flashcards

Overview of Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

catabolic

A

breakdown of compounds to produce energy

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2
Q

examples of catabolic pathways

A

glycolysis, TCA cycle, oxidative phosphorylation, fatty acid catabolism, amino acid oxidation

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3
Q

anabolic

A

use energy to produce biomolecules

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4
Q

anabolic pathways

A

gluconeogenesis, lipid biosynthesis, amino acid biosynthesis, nucleotide biosynthesis

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5
Q

regulated steps

A

reactions are far from equilibrium (can not go forward and reverse with same molecules)

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6
Q

allosteric effectors mediate _

A

local effects (cell status)

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7
Q

hormones mediate _

A

systemic effects (needs of body/organism)

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8
Q

glycolysis

A

glucose –> 2 pyruvate

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9
Q

gluconeogenesis

A

pyruvate –> glucose

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10
Q

What stimulates PFK?

A

F2,6BP and AMP

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11
Q

What inhibits PFK?

A

ATP, citrate, H+

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12
Q

What inhibits F-1,6-bisphosphatase?

A

F2,6BP and AMP

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13
Q

What stimulates F-1,6-bisphosphatase?

A

citrate

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14
Q

What activates pyruvate kinase?

A

F-1,6-BP

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15
Q

What inhibits pyruvate kinase?

A

ATP and alanine

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16
Q

What activates pyruvate carboxylase?

A

acetyl CoA

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17
Q

pyruvate carboxylase

A

pyruvate –> oxaloacetate

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18
Q

What inhibits pyruvate carboxylase?

A

ADP

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19
Q

What inhibits PEP carboxykinase?

A

ADP

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20
Q

PEP carboxykinase

A

oxaloacetate –> PEP

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21
Q

proteins kcal

A

4kcal/gram

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22
Q

carbohydrates kcal

A

4kcal/gram

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23
Q

fats kcal

A

9 kcal/gram

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24
Q

US dietary guidelines

A

45-65% carbohydrates
10-35% proteins
>10% fats

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25
Q

energy balance equation

A

calories consumed-calories used

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26
Q

biggest factor in weight gain

A

carbohydrates

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27
Q

biggest factor in weight loss

A

resting metabolic rate

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28
Q

average male calorie intake

A

2700 kcal/day

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29
Q

average female calorie intake

A

2200 kcal/day

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30
Q

resting metabolic calorie use

A

60-70% of total calories (20% in brain)

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31
Q

glycogen

A

provides energy for muscles and brain (quick energy)

32
Q

adipose

A

provides long term storage energy

33
Q

brain can only use _ as fuel

A

glucose, lactate, or ketone bodies (no fat)

34
Q

What can not use ketones for fuel?

A

RBC, WBC, marrow

35
Q

Why does muscle store glycogen?

A

to supply glucose for contraction

36
Q

leptin

A

inhibits appetite

37
Q

leptin is release by _

A

fat cells

38
Q

leptin acts on _

A

hypothalamus

39
Q

ghrelin

A

stimulates appetite

40
Q

ghrelin is produced by _

A

stomach in response to food intake

41
Q

ghrelin acts on _

A

hypothalamus

42
Q

cholecystokinin

A

acts as neuropeptide in CNS and suppresses appetite

43
Q

cholecystokinin is released by _

A

duodenum

44
Q

cholecystokinin action

A

stimulates release of bile and secretion of digestive enzymes and inhibits gastric emptying (prevents food from leaving to allow enzymes to act)

45
Q

peptide Y

A

suppresses appetite

46
Q

peptide Y is released by _

A

ileum and colon in response to food intake

47
Q

peptide Y action

A

inhibits gastric motility, increases nutrient, water, and electrolyte absorption

48
Q

incretins (GLP-1, GIP)

A

stimulate insulin secretion in response to food intake

49
Q

incretin effect

A

oral glucose elicits a higher insulin response than intravenous glucose

50
Q

saliva produces _

A

alpha-amylase and lingual lipase

51
Q

alpha-amylase

A

catalyzes hydrolysis of starch into di- and trisaccharides

52
Q

lingual lipase

A

catalyzes hydrolysis of medium and long chain triglycerides

53
Q

parietal cells

A

secrete HCl, lowering pH

54
Q

chief cells

A

secrete pepsinogen

55
Q

What induces secretion of gastric acid?

A

acetylcholine, histamine, and gastrin

56
Q

rantidine

A

H2 anatagonist, preventing histamine from activating protein kinase pathway, making the stomach less acidic

57
Q

digestion occurs in _

A

small intestine

58
Q

secretin

A

regulates pH of duodenum and inhibits secretion of gastric acid by parietal cells; stimulates bicarbonate production in pancreatic duct cells

59
Q

pancreas secretes _ in the aid of protein digestion

A

trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen, and procarboxypeptidase

60
Q

stomach secretes _ to aid in digestion of proteins

A

pepsin

61
Q

digestion of carbohydrates

A

pancreatic alpha-amylase breaks starch and glycogen into disaccharides (maltose, lactose, sucrose)

62
Q

sucrase

A

breaks sucrose into fructose + glucose

63
Q

maltase

A

breaks maltose into 2 glucose

64
Q

maltase

A

breaks maltose into 2 glucose lactase

65
Q

lactase

A

breaks lactose into glucose + galactose

66
Q

digestions of fats

A

bile acids, lipase, colipase

67
Q

bile acids

A

synthesized in liver and secreted from gallbladder; solubilize fats in small intestine

68
Q

lipase and colipase

A

bile inhibits lipase so colipase binds to keep active; secreted by pancreas and cleaves triglycerides

69
Q

exocrine pancreatic insufficiency

A

enzymes not released properly –> food is not digested –> no nutrients absorbed

70
Q

exocrine pancreatic insufficiency treatment

A

pancreatic enzyme replacement, high-calorie high-fat diet, and vitamins

71
Q

exocrine pancreatic insufficiency symptoms

A

weight loss, abdominal pain, bloating, diarrhea, vitamin K and D deficiency

72
Q

absorption of monosaccharides

A

facilitated diffusion (fructose) or secondary active transport (glucose)

73
Q

absorbed monosaccharides leave epithelial cells by _

A

facilitated diffusion to enter blood (passive)

74
Q

lipid uptake

A

lipids cross freely through membrane due to hydrophobicity; form chylomicrons that enter lacteal and are transported away from intestine

75
Q

increased iron in blood

A

activates HFE for hepcidin production –> hepcidin induces endocytosis of ferroportin –> ferroportin is in the cell and iron can not get out

76
Q

water soluble vitamins

A

B and C; absorbed directly into blood and excreted in urine

77
Q

fat-soluble vitamins

A

A, D, E, K; absorbed first into lymph then blood but requires protein carriers; not excreted, stays in fat-storage sites

quiz 7 (12 decks)

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