Glycolysis Regulation

Question 1

aerobic conditions

Answer 1

pyruvate to acetyl-CoA to CO2

Question 2

anaerobic conditions

Answer 2

reduction of pyruvate to lactate

Question 3

if glycolysis goes to lactate it will not produce _

Answer 3

2 NADH; they are converted to 2 NAD+ in conversion of pyruvate to lactate

Question 4

Pasteur Effect

Answer 4

more glucose is consumed under hypoxic conditions to reach same amount of ATP produced in anaerobic conditions (pyruvate –> CO2 yields 25 more ATPs)

Question 5

RBC’s use _ glycolysis

Answer 5

anaerobic; no mitochondria

Question 6

muscle fibers use _ glycolysis

Answer 6

anaerobic or aerobic

Question 7

hexokinase is inhibited by _

Answer 7

glucose-6-phosphate

Question 8

glucokinase is inhibited by _

Answer 8

fructose-6-phosphate

Question 9

phosphofructokinase is activated by _

Answer 9

AMP

Question 10

phosphofructokinase is inhibited by _

Answer 10

H+ (lactic acid buildup), ATP, and citrate

Question 11

pyruvate kinase is activated by _

Answer 11

fructose-1,6-bisphosphate

Question 12

pyruvate kinase is inhibited by _

Answer 12

ATP and alanine (transamination of pyruvate)

Question 13

glucokinase is regulated by _

Answer 13

GKRP binding

Question 14

committed step of glycolysis

Answer 14

phosphofructokinase converting F6P to F-1,6-BP

Question 15

PFK hormonal activation

Answer 15

insulin will activate PFK in response to high glucose levels

Question 16

insulin

Answer 16

secreted by pancreatic beta-cells in response to high blood glucose; decreases [glucose] in circulation

Question 17

glucagon

Answer 17

secreted by pancreatic alpha-cells in response to low blood glucose; increase [glucose] in circulation

Question 18

F-2,6-BP

Answer 18

allosteric activator of PFK

Question 19

synthesis of F-2,6-BP

Answer 19

bifunctional enzyme that acts as both a kinase (PFK-2) and phosphatase (FBPase-2)

Question 20

glucagon on bifunctional enzyme

Answer 20

phosphorylates bifunctional enzyme to activate the phosphatase –> converts F2,6BP back to F6P to decrease F2,6P to slow glycolysis down (no PFK)

Question 21

insulin on bifunctional enzyme

Answer 21

will dephosphorylate bifunctional enzyme to convert F6P to F26P for PFK activation (increase glycolysis)

Question 22

How does glucagon phosphorylate Binfunc E?

Answer 22

binds a GPCR –> adenylyl cyclase –> cAMP –> PKA –> FBPase2 –> decrease F26BP

Question 23

phosphorylation of pyruvate kinase

Answer 23

inactivates the enzyme; will be phosphorylated in presence of glucagon

Question 24

insulin _ PKA

Answer 24

inhibits it to prevent it from phosphorylating stuff

Question 25

insulin activates _

Answer 25

pyruvate kinase, glucokinase, and phosphofructokinase

Question 26

glucagon inhibits _

Answer 26

glucokinase, phosphofructokinase, and pyruvate kinase

Question 27

type I diabetes

Answer 27

no insulin due to pancreatic dysfunction; results in decreased glucose uptake (high blood glucose) which leads to malnutrition and wasting

Question 28

type II diabetes

Answer 28

insulin resistance brought on by obesity; decreases glucose uptake resulting in high blood glucose

Question 29

lactic acidosis

Answer 29

increase blood [lactate] which decreases blood pH; can be a symptom of circulatory/pulmonary failure, shock, convulsions

Question 30

glycolytic enzyme deficiency

Answer 30

result in hemolytic anemia