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B11 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a hormone?

A

A hormone is a chemical substance that helps to regulate processes in the body

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2
Q

What is insulin

A

Controls your blood glucose

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3
Q

What is adrenaline

A

Prepares your body for fight or flight

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4
Q

blood carry hormones to target what

A

Blood carries hormones (insulin to target organs where it produces an effect

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5
Q

Where are hormones produced

A

Hormones are produced in various glands, called endocrine glands

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6
Q

What is the endocrine system

A

Its the collection of glands thay produce hormones to regulate certain things

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7
Q

Adrenal gland
- what hormones it produces
- what organs it targets
- what effect it has

A

Hormones:
- adrenalin
TARGET ORGANAS:
- vital organs. E.g. liver and heart
EFFECT:
- prepares body for action - “fight or flight”

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8
Q

Ovary
- what hormones it produces
- what organs it targets
- what effect it has

A

HORMONE:
- oestrogen
TARGET ORGANS:
- pvaries, uterus, pituitary gland
EFFECT:
- controls puberty
- controls menstrual cycle.
- stimulates production of LH
- inhibits(stops) the production of FSH in the pituitary gland.

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9
Q

Ovary
- what hormones it produces
- what organs it targets
- what effect it has

A

HORMONES:
- progesterone
TARGET ORGANS:
- uterus
EFFECT:
- maintains the lining of the womb
- supresses FSH production in the pituitary gland

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10
Q

PANCREAS
- what hormones it produces
- what organs it targets
- what effect it has

A

HORMONE:
- insulin
TARGET ORGANS:
- liver
EFFECT
- controls blood sugar levels

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11
Q

Pituitary gland
- what hormones it produces
- what organs it targets
- what effect it has

A

HORMONE
- anti-diuretic hormone (ADH)
ORGAN
- kidney
EFFECT
- controls blood water level by triggering uptake of water in kidneys

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12
Q

Pituitary gland
- what hormones it produces
- what organs it targets
- what effect it has

A

HORMONE:
- FSH (follicle stimulating hormone)
TARGET ORGAN:
- ovaries
EFFECT
- triggere egg ripening and oestrogen production in ovaries

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13
Q

Pituitary gland
- what hormones it produces
- what organs it targets
- what effect it has

A

HORMONE
- LH (luteinising hormone)
TARGET ORGANS
- ovaries
EFFECT
triggers egg release and progesterone

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14
Q

TESTES
-what hormones it produces
- what organs it targets
- what effect it has

A

HORMONE:
-testosterone
ORGAN:
- male reproductive organs
EFFECT:
- confeols puberty in males

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15
Q

What are the difference between nerves and hormones

A

Nerves:
- very fast action
- act for a very short time
- act on a very precise area
HORMONES:
- slower sction
- act for a long time
- act in a more general way

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16
Q

What is blood glucose concentration monitored and controlled by

A

Pancreas

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17
Q

If the blood is too high, ?? What would happen

A

If the blood glucose concentration is too high, the pancreas produces the hormone insulin that causes glucose to move from the blood into the cells.

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18
Q

In liver and muscle cells, excess glucose is converted to ?

A

Glycogen for storage

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19
Q

What are the two hormones used to control and monitor the level of glucose in your blood

A

Glucagon
Insulin

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20
Q

If the blood glucose concentration is too low,

A

the pancreas produces the hormone glucagon that causes glycogen to be converted into glucose and released into the blood

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21
Q

Describe the pituitary gland

A

The pituitary gland in the brain is a ‘master gland’ which secretes several hormones into the blood in response to body conditions. These hormones in turn act on other glands to stimulate other hormones to be released to bring about effects.

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22
Q

Excess glucose can be stored as and where

A

Glycogen in the liver and in the muscles

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23
Q

What is Type 1 diabetes

A

Type 1 diabetes is a disorder in which the pancreas fails to produce sufficient insulin. It is characterised by uncontrolled high blood glucose levels

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24
Q

What is Type 2 diabetes

A

In Type 2 diabetes the body cells no longer respond to insulin produced by the pancreas.

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25
Q

Explain how glucagon interacts with insulin in a negative feedback cycle to control blood glucose levels in the blood

A
  • Stimulus (blood glucose level rises)
  • the pancreas release insulin into the blood
  • insulin removes the glucose from the blood and allowing it into cells and if full it will be taken up in the liver as glycogen (which is removing glucose from the blood)
  • then the blood glucose declines
  • stimulus ( blood glucose level falls)
  • pancreas releases glucagon where it releases the stored glycogen into glucose.
  • which is released into the blood increasing the glucose level in the blood
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26
Q

Glucagon

A

Hormone

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27
Q

Glycogen

A

Stored in the liver

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28
Q

How is Type 1 diabetes treated

A

With insulin injections and regular exercise

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29
Q

How is Type 2 diabetes treated?

A

A carbohydrate controlled diet and an exercise regime are common treatments.

30
Q

What is a risk factor of Type 2 diabetes

A

Obesity

31
Q

Where is glucose added to the blood

A

Small intestine

32
Q

How is glucose used up in the body

A

Respiration, as glycgoen

33
Q

BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVEL TOO LOW

A

GLUCAGON ADDED

34
Q

BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVEL TOO HIGH

A

INSULIN IS ADDED

35
Q

Excess glucose is stored as glycogen in which organ

A

Liver

36
Q

What is hyperglycaemic

A

Blood glucose level is too high

37
Q

What does thyroxine do?

A

Thyroxine ( made from iodine in your diet) from the thyroid gland stimulates the basal metabolic rate

38
Q

What is Adrenaline produced by

A

Adrenaline is produced by the adrenal glands in times of fear or stress

39
Q

What does adrenaline do

A

It increases heart rate and boosts the delivery of oxygen and glucose to the brain and muscles

40
Q

What do negative feeback systems do

A

They work to maintain a steady state

41
Q

What are primary sexual characteristics

A

Are the ones you are born with (ovaries and testes

42
Q

In men the main reproductive hormone is _______. Its produced by the ______ and stimulates ________ ____________

A

Testosterone.
Testes
Sperm production

43
Q

In women, the main reproductive hormone is ________. It’s produced by the ________. As well as bringing physical changes, oestrogen is also involved in the _______ cycle

A

Oestrogen
Ovaries
Menstrual

44
Q

During puberty reproductive hormones cause secondary sexual characteristics to develop. Like what?

A

Facial hair and development of breasts in women

45
Q

The main changes for puberty in females include

A

a growth spurt; the growth of hair under the arms and pubic hair; the breasts develop; the external genitals grow and the skin
darkens; a female pattern of fat is deposited on the hips, buttocks and thighs; the brain changes and matures; mature eggs start to form every month in
the ovaries, the uterus grows and becomes active and menstruation begins.

46
Q

What are the mian changes in puberty with males

A

The main changes include a growth spurt; pubic hair, underarm hair and facial hair grow; the larynx gets bigger and the voice breaks; the external genitalia and the skin darkens; the testes grow and become
active, producing sperm throughout life; the shoulders and chest broaden as muscle develops; and the brain matures.

47
Q

Diagram on sheet in book or page 168 of kerboodle for diagram of ovary and penis

A
48
Q

What does FSH do (Follicle-stimulating hormone)

A
  • produced in the pituitary gland
  • causes an egg to mature in one of the pvaries, in a structure called a follicle
  • stimulates the ovaries to produce oestrogen
49
Q

What does LH (Luteinising hormone)

A
  • produced by the pituitary gland
  • stimulates the release of an egg at day 14 (ovulation)
50
Q

What does oestrogen do?

A
  • produced in the ovaries
  • causes the lining of the uterus to growl
  • stimulates the release of LH (which causes the release of an egg) and inhibits release of FSH
51
Q

Explain the four stages of the menstrual cycle

A

Stage 1- Day 1 - menstruation starts. The uterus lining breaks down for about four days.

Stage 2 -The uterus lining builds up again, from day 4 to day 14, into a thick spongy layer full of blood
vessels, ready to receive a fertilised egg.

Stage 3- An egg develops and is released from the ovary at day 14 -this is called OVULATION.

Stage 4 -The wall is then maintained for about 14 days until day 28. If no fertilised egg has landed on the uterus wall by day 28, the spongy lining starts to break down and the whole cycle starts again.

52
Q

What does progesterone do and where is it produced?

A
  • produced in the ovaries by the remains of the follicle after ovulation.
  • maintains the lining of uterus during second half ofncycle. When the level of progesterone falls, the lining breaks down.
  • inhibits the release of LH and FSH
53
Q

What is menstruation

A

Uterus lining breaks down, blood and cells are lost

54
Q

What is ovulation

A

Release of an egg from the ovary

55
Q

At puberty eggs begin to mature and one is released approximately every ? days.

A

28

56
Q

Day 1 to 6

A

Menstruation (when she actually has her period

57
Q

How does it work, advantages, disadvantages: oral contraceptives (the pill)

A
  • contains oestrogen and progesterone (builds up mucus around cervix) to inhibit FSH
  • 99% effective
  • must remember to take every day.
  • No STD protection.
  • side effects like high blood pressure
58
Q

How does it work, advantages, disadvantages: injection/implant/patch

A

-Contains oestrogen and progesterone to inhibit FSH
- don’t habe to remember to take it.
- No STD proection
- some side effects

59
Q

How does it work, advantages, disadvantages:
(Barrier (condoms))

A

-Prevent sperm reaching the egg
-No side effects and protect against STD’s
- Can let sperm through if used incorrectly

60
Q

How does it work, advantages, disadvantages: (intrauterine device (coil))

A

-Contain progesterone to prevent FSH production. Some have a copper coil to stop the embryo implanting
-Lasts for 3-5 years. Very effective
-Must be inserted by a doctor
Can cause discomfort or infections

61
Q

How does it work, advantages, disadvantages: (spermicide)

A
  • kill sperm
  • readily available
  • not very effective at preventing pregnancy
62
Q

How does it work, advantages, disadvantages: (abstaining (not having sex at certain times

A

-Not having sex, or not having sex around the time of ovulation.
- no side effects
- very unreliable

63
Q

How does it work, advantages, disadvantages:
(Sterilisation)

A

-Cut sperm ducts (vasectomy) or oviducts.
-Effective, permanent contraception
-Women need a general anaesthetic for the surgery

64
Q

A diaphragm is

A

A shallow plastic cup thst fits over the cervix to form a barrier.
- it has to be used with spermicide.

65
Q

Spermicide can be used …

A

Alone as a form of contraception, but it is not as effective (only 70-80percent)

66
Q

Describe the natural methods of contraception

A

-Pregnancy may be avoided by finding out when in the menstrual cycle the woman is most fertile amd avoiding sexual intercourse on those days.
-it’s popular with people who think that hormonal and barrier methods are unnatural, but it’s not very effective

67
Q

How does progesterone reduce fertility?

A

By stimulating the production of thick mucus which prevents any sperm getting through and reaching an egg.

68
Q

What is auxin

A

A plant hormone thatcontrols growth near the tips of shoots and roots

69
Q

What does auxin control

A

It controls the gworth of a plant in response to light (PHOTOTROPISM) and gravity(GEOTROPISM)

70
Q

Where is auxins produced and what does it do there

A

It is produced in the TIPS and moves backwards to stimulate the cell elongationprocess which occurs in the cells just behind the tips

71
Q

If the tip of a shoot is removed, what happens with the auxins

A

No auxin is available and the shoot may stop growing

72
Q

Auxins promte growth in the ….. but inhibts growth in the ..

A

Shoot, root

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