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Skipper > Navigation / Charts > Flashcards

Navigation / Charts Flashcards

1
Q

1minute latitude equals

A

1nautical mile

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2
Q

Deviation is a compass error caused by

A

Magnetic influences aboard your vessel

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3
Q

The benchmark from which a marine charts vertical and horizontal measurements is made

A

Datum

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4
Q

Direction can be determined on a Mercator chart by using the

A

Compass rose

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5
Q

A speed table is used to

A

Determine speed from a tachometer reading

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6
Q

Position is determined by the intersection of 2 lops is

A

A fix

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7
Q

For overall planning on a long cruise navigators should select a chart with

A

Small scale that shows a large area

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8
Q

For overall planning on a long cruise, navigators should select a chart with

A

a SMALL scale that shows a LARGE area

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9
Q

1 minute of latitude equals

A

1 nautical mile

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10
Q

Charts are being revised to use only the following datum for soundings

A

mean LOWER LOW water

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11
Q

Which of the following measures distances north or south of the equator?

A

latitude

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12
Q

Which scale of a chart should never be used for measuring distance?

A

LONGitude

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13
Q

The direction of a course is the angle it makes with a

A

meridian

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14
Q

You can find the amount of variation in your boating area by

A

looking at a compass ROSE on the chart of the area

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15
Q

If you measure the direction of a course line from a chart meridian, you have a

A

true direction

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16
Q

Variation is the difference between

A

True north and MAGNETIC north

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17
Q

Deviation is a compass error caused by

A

magnetic influences aboard your vessel

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18
Q

The technical term for the benchmark from which a marine chart’s vertical and horizontal measurements are made is

A

datum

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19
Q

Direction can be determined on a Mercator chart by using the

A

compass rose

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20
Q

A speed table is used to

A

determine speed from a tachometer reading

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21
Q

The vertical datum of a chart

A

helps you know how much clearance there is under a bridge

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22
Q

To correct a compass reading

A

add easterly variations

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23
Q

Mercator projections are made by projecting the earth’s surface onto a

A

cylinder

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24
Q

On a chart, shallow water is

A

light blue

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25
Q

If you travel at a speed of 12 KNOTS for 10 MINUTES you will have gone how far?

A

2.0 Nautical miles

1 knot is 1 nautical mile per hour. 12 knots is a mile every 5 minutes

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26
Q

In an area with a variation of 12 degrees E, your heading is 130 degrees by your compass. The DEVIATION for this heading is 3 degrees W. What is your true heading?

A

139 degrees. 130 degrees, plus the VARIATION of 12 degrees EAST, MINUS the 3 degree DEVIATION WEST

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27
Q

What was the original light aid to Navigation?

A

Lighthouse

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28
Q

What is light nominal range?

A

The maximum distance at which you would see the light

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29
Q

What is dipping and rising distance?

A

There are tables containing this information and it is the point at which the light just appears on your horizon

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30
Q

What does Isophase mean?

A

On same time period each colour/dark

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31
Q

What does Occulting mean?

A

On longer than off (black flash)

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32
Q

What is Sectored Navigation?

A

Sectored lights will generally indicate the correct approach in a channel

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33
Q

What information about lights are found on charts?

A

Type of light (occulting, flashing, etc), how high the light is situated, har far the light will be visible for, and the colour of the light

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34
Q

If no colour of light is mentioned on the chart, what colour should you assume it would be?

A

White

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35
Q

Where would Moire Lights be located?

A

A marina entrance

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36
Q

What are Moire Lights?

A

Indicates when you are in the correct approach channel by displaying a vertical bar

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37
Q

Where are all depths on a chart measured from

A

chart datum, which is based on the L.A.T

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38
Q

What does L.A.T stand for?

A

Lowest astonomical tide

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39
Q

Where can you see chart datum on a chart

A

where the blue meets the green

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40
Q

what do the green areas represent on a chart

A

Areas that are below water at H.A.T but above water at the L.A.T

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41
Q

What does H.A.T stand for

A

Highest astronomical tide

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42
Q

What do the Buff coloured areas represent

A

Land

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43
Q

what do the blue areas represent, and what do the changes in colour mean

A

blue and white areas are water even at LAT. The different colours represent different depths

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44
Q

are contours the same on all charts

A

no, they vary depending on the area depicted

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45
Q

What is imporant to consider when using charted depths for navigation.

A

It’s critical to add the hight of the tide on top to get accurate current depths

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46
Q

What is the bearing for north

A

000d

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47
Q

what is the bearing for north north east

A

022.5

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48
Q

what is the bearing for north east

A

045d

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49
Q

what is the bearing for east north east

A

067.5d

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50
Q

what is the bearing for east

A

090d

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51
Q

what is the bearing for east south east

A

112.5

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52
Q

what is the bearing for south east

A

135d

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53
Q

whats the bearing for south south east

A

157.5d

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54
Q

whats the bearing for south

A

180d

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55
Q

whats the bearing for southsouthwest

A

202.5d

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56
Q

what is the bearing for south west

A

225d

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57
Q

whats the bearing for west south west

A

247.5d

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58
Q

whats the bearing for west

A

270d

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59
Q

whats the bearing for west north west

A

292.5d

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60
Q

whats the bearing for north west

A

315d

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61
Q

whats the bearing for north north west

A

337.5d

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62
Q

what are all bearings on a chart relative to?

A

True north

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63
Q

how should bearings off a chart be written

A

Should be written with 3 figures, with (T) afterwords to signify its a true bearing. E.g. : 001d (T)

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64
Q

Where is the latitude scale found on the chart

A

its found on the left and right edges of navigation charts

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65
Q

where is the longitude scale found on the chart

A

its found on the top and bottom of the chart

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66
Q

what are latitude and longitude used for

A

as a grid they are used to pinpoint your position on the earth just like grid references on land maps

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67
Q

what is used to define position north and south from the equator

A

Latitude

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68
Q

How is latitude defined

A

Latitude north is any angle between The Equator and the North Pole using the centre of the globe as a fulcrum.
Latitude south is any angle between The Equator and the South Pole using the same fulcrum.

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69
Q

As you move north in the northen hemisphere how does latitude change

A

it increases

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70
Q

as you move north in the southern hemisphere how does your latitude change

A

it decreases

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71
Q

as you move south in the northern hemisphere how does your latitude change

A

it decreases

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72
Q

as you move south in the sothern hemisphere how does your latitude change

A

it increases

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73
Q

what is the minimum latitude value and where does it occur

A

0 at the equator

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74
Q

what is the maximum latitude value

A

90d N or S at the north or south pole

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75
Q

what must always be included with a latitude reading

A

a north or a south to defining which side of the equator you are on

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76
Q

What are the 2 uses of the latitude scale

A

firstly pinpointing position north and south, as well as measuring distances on the chart

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77
Q

what is the distance in 1degree of latitude

A

60 nautical miles

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78
Q

what is the distance in 1 minute of latitude

A

1 nautical mile

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79
Q

what is the distane in 1/10th of a minute of latitude

A

0.1 natuical miles or 1 cable

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80
Q

how far is 1 cable

A

0.1 nautical miles

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81
Q

how are latitude and longitude broken down

A

1 degree is 60 minutes, then decimal of minutes

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82
Q

what is a common error of reading the latitude or longitude scales

A

taking the nearest degree figure, when what you want is the nearest degree figure down the scale, otherwise you could be 60 miles out

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83
Q

How are minutes broken up on rya charts

A

depends on the scale, either .2 minutes or .1 minutes

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84
Q

what is the correct format for writing a lat or long

A

00d 00.00’ N or S

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85
Q

when using a new chart what on the scale should you check

A

weather the minutes are divided into 5 or 10 increments

86
Q

what is longitude

A

longitude is the distance east or west from Greenwich the boat is from.

87
Q

where is 0 degrees longitude

A

0 degrees forms a line running from pole to pole through Greenwich England

88
Q

as you move east from grenich what happens to longitude

A

it increases

89
Q

what happens to the longitude as you move west from grenwich

A

it increases

90
Q

what is the maximum longitude value

A

180d at the international dateline

91
Q

should the longitude scale be used to measure distance

A

no

92
Q

why can’t you use the longitude scale for distance measuring

A

because the distance covered by each degree of longitude decreases as you move closer to the pole so it isn’t consistent

93
Q

what should always be included with a longitude measurement

A

East or west to indicate what side of grenich you are on

94
Q

How should longitude be written

A

035d 10.000’ W, always with 3 then 2 then 3 figures

95
Q

What are dividers used for

A

measuring distance on a chart

96
Q

when mesuring distance between two places where should you measure from

A

the circle at the base of the symbol

97
Q

how would you obtain a distance between 2 objects on a chart`

A

take the deviders and set them to the distance between the objects on the chart, then without altering the setting of the dividers, place them on the latitude scale on the side of the chart. then read of the degrees minutes and decimal off to get the distance in NM

98
Q

how would the dividers be used to obtain the longitude of an object on the chart

A

to get the longitude, use the dividers to measure the distance from the point in question to the nearest vertical line of the map. then without altering the dividers and place them on the point where the line in question meets the longitude scale. then read off the resultant longitude.

99
Q

how would the dividers be used to obtain the Horizontal of an object on the chart

A

to get the longitude, use the dividers to measure the distance from the point in question to the nearest horizontal line of the map. then without altering the dividers and place them on the point where the line in question meets the longitude scale. then read off the resultant longitude.

100
Q

what is the bezel of the plotter

A

the rotating disk used to take measurements in the centre

101
Q

how should the bezel of the plotter be oriented

A

should always point north

102
Q

how can you read a bearing from the plotter

A

align one edge of the plotter with the line on the chart to be measured, then rotate the bezel to point north
then you can read the bearing off using the arrow on the base of the plotter

103
Q

What kind of bearing comes from reading the plotter

A

A True bearing

104
Q

how can a bearing be drawn from an object using the plotter

A

take the true bearing to the object and set the bezel of the plotter to it. then place one edge of the plotter at the dot at the base of the thing you have a bearing to. then make sure the bezel is facing north, and draw your bearing along one edge

105
Q

where are corections to a chart found

A

are at the bottom left located near customers information

106
Q

Where do you get chart corrections?

A

notices to mariners, which have to be looked up and read

107
Q

where can more up to date corections be found

A

the hydrographic office website, boating magazines, or the internet

108
Q

where can you find information about the data used to make the chart

A

in the main chart text, typicaly in a large landmass

109
Q

is a lead line reliable as a source of depth soundings for charts

A

less reliable than modern methods as they don’t find sudon changes in depth

110
Q

what warning is shown when starting up a chartplotter

A

a warning to only use it as an aid to navigation

111
Q

what should you have on board in addition to a chart plotter

A

paper charts and the ability and knowledge to use them

112
Q

What does SOG mean

A

speed over ground

113
Q

What does COG Mean

A

Cource over ground

114
Q

what does BTW Mean

A

bearing to waypoint

115
Q

what does HDG stand for

A

heading

116
Q

what are extension lines

A

lines that extend the cog or heading over the sea to better plan your course, they can also be set to show you where you will be in a given timeframe

117
Q

what does chart detail do

A

displays more and less of the not navigational critical information

118
Q

What does an arrival alarm on a Chartplotter do

A

sounds an alarm when you are within a certain radisu of a waypoint to allow for a course change or entering a marina

119
Q

what does the depth min-max alarm do

A

it will sound an alarm if the vessel is in a great or lesser depth than expected

120
Q

what is the XTE

A

Cross track error, how far the vessel is off cource

121
Q

what are raster charts

A

high resolution scans of paper charts

122
Q

what are the advantages of raster charts

A

The symbols, colour and information presented on the raster chart are identical to paper charts.
They are widely available and provide a cost effective way to convert information into an electronic format.

123
Q

what are the disadvantage of raster charts

A

Due to the nature of their digitization they carry along with them any inherent errors in the paper charts and any errors that may have been introduced through the scanning process.

Zooming in distorts the image

no additional data with the chart to help plan your passage

124
Q

what are vector charts

A

Vector charts are constructed of lines, points or areas which not only provide a graphic representation of charted features, but also include an associated data base.

125
Q

what are the advantages of vector charts

A

The database provides ‘layers’ of information on the electronic chart which allow the user to manually or automatically query a specific3 area for additional information.

Chart plotters have a facility to zoom in on a vector chart and get more information, whereas when zooming in on a raster chart the same image just gets bigger.

The layers of data on a vector chart can be read by an ECDIS and depending on the configuration, Alarm parameters can be set to warn of approaching hazards such as shoal water or an underwater obstruction.

Individual points or areas on the vector chart may be queried by the user such as navigation marks, sounding data in a chosen location, anchorage information, traffic schemes etc.

126
Q

why is chart plotter detail setting inportatn

A

it might not show some critical information

127
Q
A

<p>Underwater rock of unknown depth, dangerous to surface navigation</p>

128
Q
A

<p>Rock awash at chart datum</p>

129
Q
A

<p>Rock which covers and uncovers, height (underlined) means above chart datum</p>

130
Q

<p>Magenta tear drop with star not filled in</p>

<div>
<div></div>
</div>

A

<p>Major lighthouse</p>

131
Q

<p>Magenta tear drop with star filled in under it</p>

<div>
<div></div>
</div>

A

<p>Minor light</p>

132
Q

<p>Rocks</p>

A

<p></p>

<div>
<div></div>
</div>

133
Q

<p>+</p>

A

<p>Underwater Rock</p>

134
Q

True or False?
It is a legal requirement for commercial craft to carry updated paper charts as well as any electronic versions

A

True

135
Q

What are the two types of charts?

A

Raster Charts
Vector Charts

136
Q

What are Raster Charts?

A

Scanned copies of original paper charts

137
Q

What are Vector Charts

A

Built up from digital information

138
Q

Where can you find the date on a chart to ensure you are using an up to date chart?

A

Bottom left

139
Q

Where can you find all changes over the last 7 years?

A

UK Hydrographic Office

140
Q

Name two ways you can update electronic charts

A

CD-ROM
Internet subscription service from manufacturer
Purchasing a new cartridge for the plotter

141
Q

What are the three projections used?

A

Mercator, Transverse Mercator and Gnomonic

142
Q

What is a benefit of Mercator?

A

Lines of constant bearing (rhumb lines) will appear as straight lines, useful for steering compass courses

143
Q

What is Transverse Mercator used for?

A

Large scale charts and harbour plans

144
Q

What is Gnomonic projections used for?

A

Polar charts and planned ocean crossings

145
Q

What colour is shallow water on charts?

A

Blue

146
Q

What is this icon?

A
147
Q

What is this buoy?

A
148
Q

Where is Salthill and what is outside it?

A
149
Q

What is at the entrance to Poolbeg?

A
150
Q

what is magnetic variation

A

the difference in bearing caused by the difference between true north and magnetic north

151
Q

what is the magnetic deviation

A

the difference between true north and north on a compass due to ferrous metal objects on the vessel

152
Q

if the magnetic variation is west, do you add or subtract from the true bearing

A

Added

153
Q

if the magnetic variation is east, do you add or subtract from the true bearing

A

Subtract

154
Q

when a course is measured on a chart, what kind of course is it

A

True

155
Q

When a course is measured from a compass at the bow of the boat what kind of course is it

A

Magnetic

156
Q

When a bearing is measured from the cockpit what kind of bearing is it

A

compass

157
Q

what is taken into account converting a bearing from true to magnetic

A

Magnetic variation

158
Q

what is taken into account converting a bearing from magnetic to compass

A

Magnetic deviation

159
Q

what is taken into account converting from a true bearing to a compass bearing

A

magnetic variation and magnetic deviation

160
Q

what is magnetic variation caused by

A

magnetic north being in a different location than true north

161
Q

what must be checked when working with magnetic variation

A

that you are using the correct variation for the area you are sailing in

162
Q

where can variation information for an area be found

A

on the compass rose on the chart in question

163
Q

when is the one time that variation is 0

A

when true north, magnetic north and the vessel all are on one great circle.

164
Q

what small things can affect variation

A

geologic features such as deposits of iron or industrial equipment

165
Q

what is the number in brackets with a variation reading on an admiralty compass rose

A

the yearly change in variation

166
Q

how is yearly variation change measured

A

in minutes, or 1/60th of a degree

167
Q

how would you work out the current variation

A

take the variation and yearly change of the charts. check the chart publication date, then multiply the yearly change by years from publication, to get the change in magnetic variation since the chart was published. this can then be added to the charts magnetic variation to get the most up to date variation

168
Q

Where is the Magnetic North Pole right now?

A

Canada

169
Q

How far does the Magnetic North Pole move each year?

A

40km

170
Q

What is Variation?

A

The difference between the Magnetic North Pole and the True North Pole

171
Q

Where will you find the Variation?

A

On the Compass Rose

172
Q

If the Variation is East do you add or subtract from the True North Pole?

A

Add

173
Q

If the Variation is West do you add or subtract from the True North Pole?

A

Subtract

174
Q

How many minutes in one degree?

A

60

175
Q

What is Deviation?

A

Stray magnetic fields in the vicinity like heavy metal from the engines can give inaccurate compass readings

176
Q

What is it called when you check the compass and how often should this be done?

A

Swinging the compass and annually

177
Q

True or False
Hand bearing compasses are treated as having zero variation

A

True

178
Q

How often should you check for deviation?

A

Once a year

179
Q

True or False
The original magnetic compass is the only compass not to require power

A

True

180
Q

What is the Fluxgate Compass?

A

Two or more coils, small current detects the earth’s magnetic field

181
Q

True or False
A magnetic compass is always carried as back up

A

True

182
Q

What is the ship’s compass?

A

a large compass at the helm of the ship, often used for steering.

183
Q

What is the advantage of a fixed compass?

A

as it doesn’t move around the vessel it can be corrected for magnetic deviation.

184
Q

How would you work out your vessels magnetic deviation?

A

you would turn the boat through 360 while on a set transit, and compare readings from the ship’s compass to the known bearing of the transit, allowing you to correct the compass.

185
Q

what is a hand bearing compass?

A

a compass that has a sight, which allows you to take bearings to visible objects.

186
Q

what are two good uses of a hand bearing compass?

A

1) taking bearings to fixed objects to get a position fix
2) taking constant bearings to an approaching vessel to determine collision risk.

187
Q

what must be carefully considered when using a hand bearing or other mobile compass, and what can be done about it?

A

the magnetic deviation on the ship varies across the deck, so the bearing could be inaccurate. to combat this, the compass should be used as far away from any ferous metals or magnetic objects that could cause deviation.

188
Q

what is a fluxgate compass?

A

a fluxgate compass is an electronic compass that senses the magnetic field of the earth electronically.

189
Q

what are the advantages of a fluxgate compass?

A

it has no moving parts as it just uses electronics to sense the magnetic field. The compass bearing can be digitised and used on chart plotters or autopilots. it can be electronically corrected for deviation.

190
Q

How do we measure things on the surface?

A

Angular Management

191
Q

How many minutes is one degree?

A

60 minutes

192
Q

What is the line between two points called?

A

A great circle

193
Q

What Latitude is the equator?

A

0º

194
Q

What is one tenth of a minute called?

A

A cable

195
Q

How many nautical miles is one minute?

A

One nautical mile

196
Q

Is distance measured with Latitude or Longitude?

A

Latitude

197
Q

What is a Meridian?

A

They are great circles which start at one pole and cut the equator at right angles and carry on to the other pole

198
Q

What is the International Date Line?

A

This is where Meridians meet at 180º East or West

199
Q

True or False?
The Date Line is at 180º East so West only goes up to 179º

A

True

200
Q

How wide are Marine Time Zones?

A

15º except at 180ºW around the Date Line where are two zones of 7.5º

201
Q

True or False?
The zone number tells you what to do to get UT

A

True

202
Q

What does UT stand for?

A

Universal Time

203
Q

What does GMT stand for?

A

Greenwich Mean Time

204
Q

True or False?
Latitude is given in North and South and Longitude is given in East and West

A

True

205
Q

What is Navigation Distance measured in?

A

Miles

206
Q

What does the Log record?

A

How far a ship has gone through water

207
Q

True or False?
Nautical Miles per hour is the Knot

A

True

208
Q

Name the two fundamental types of Logs

A

The towed variety
The through hull fitting

209
Q

True or False?
Direction is referred to using 360º notation

A

True

210
Q

What is the variation for Dun Laoghaire?
What does it change by?

A

Skipper (22 decks)

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