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A micro ANA II (theory) > 7. Fine structure of the spinal cord. Spinal reflexes, receptors and effectors > Flashcards

7. Fine structure of the spinal cord. Spinal reflexes, receptors and effectors Flashcards

1
Q

The role of Nervous system

A
  1. Receives information from the periphery (receptor)
  2. Conveys it to the center (afferent path)
  3. Processes the received pieces of information and determines an answer (central switching part)
  4. Transmits the answer to the place of action (efferent path)
  5. Action (effector)
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2
Q

The simplest examples of the reactions of the working nervous system are the __

A

reflexes

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3
Q

The basic place, where these reflexes can be easily described is (1)____, but they also occur on the level of (2)___

A
  1. the spinal cord
  2. the cranial nerves
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4
Q

Identify types of nucleus

A
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5
Q

Name of these ganglia

A
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6
Q

Name of this corpuscle

A

Paccinian corpuscule

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7
Q

Name of this corpuscle

A

Meissner’s corpuscule

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8
Q

Name 3 major Exteroceptors

A
  1. Naked nerve terminal in the skin (pain, heat)
  2. Meissner’s corpuscule (touch)
  3. Vater-Paccini’s lamellar body (pressure)
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9
Q

What is Ruffini’s ending? What is its role?

A

An exteroceptor responsible for feeling pressure

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10
Q

What is Krause end bulb? What is its role?

A

An exteroceptor responsible for touch

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11
Q

What is Merkel’s cell and disc? What is its role?

A

An exteroceptor responsible for touch

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12
Q

Name 5 majors interoreceptors

A
  1. Golgi-Mazzoni-corpuscule (tendons, joints)
  2. Vasoceptors
  3. Internal nociceptors
  4. Chemoreceptors (carotid body)
  5. Stretch receptors (carotid sinus)
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13
Q

Identify (left side)

A
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14
Q

Identify (right side)

A
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15
Q

What are Effectors?

A

effects of neurons on other cells

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16
Q

Examples of neurosecretory nucleus

A

supraoptic, paraventricular nucleus

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17
Q

What is Vegetative basal „braid”?

A

axonal swellings (postganglionar fibres) get close to the smooth muscle cell membrane with no specialized structures

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18
Q

What is Neuroglandular synapse?

A

innervation of glands

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19
Q

This is Motor end plate – neuromuscular junction
-> Identify

A
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20
Q

The spinal cord

What make up the spinal nerve?

A

Posterior and anterior radices make up the spinal nerve

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21
Q

The spinal cord

The posterior radix runs close to and is in connection to the spinal ganglion situated in ____

A

the intervertebral foramen

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22
Q

The spinal cord

___ (2 things) covers the radices

A

The arachnoid mater and the dura mater

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23
Q

The spinal cord

What compose the spinal cord? (not layers)

A

White matter and gray matter

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24
Q

Identify

A

Lissauer-zone

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25
Q

Incoming sensory fibers can projects upwards without entering ____

A

the gray matter (dorsal ascending tract)

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26
Q

Incoming (sensory) fibers can synapse in ___

A

dorsal horn

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27
Q

Most of incoming sensory fibers diverge to more segments through (1)____ with (2)_____

A
  1. the Lissauer’s zone
  2. collaterals
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28
Q

Gross anatomy of the spinal cord

What does gray matter contain?

A

posterior horn- posterior column
Lateral horn – lateral column
Anterior horn – anterior column
Intermediate zone

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29
Q

Gross anatomy of the spinal cord

Identify components of white matter

A
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30
Q

Identify name of nuclei

A
  1. Marginal zone
  2. Substantia gelatinosa
  3. Proper nucleus of the dorsal column
  4. Dorsal nucleus (Clarke-Stilling)
  5. Intermediolateral nucl.
  6. Intermediomedial nucl.
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31
Q

The gray matter

Sensory nerve classification

A

IV or C-type: unmyelinated, mainly heat, pain
III or Aδ-type: thin myelin sheath: mechanoreception, heat, cold, pain
II- or Aβ: thick myelin sheath: mechanoreception, flower-spray in muscle spindle
Ib- or (Aα): thick myelin sheath: Golgi tendon organ
Ia- or (Aα): thick myelin sheath: anulospiral ending

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32
Q

The gray matter - classfication of sensory nerves

Describe IV or C-type fibres

A

unmyelinated, mainly heat, pain

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33
Q

The gray matter - classfication of sensory nerves

Describe III or Aδ-type fibres

A

thin myelin sheath: mechanoreception, heat, cold, pain

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34
Q

The gray matter - classfication of sensory nerves

Describe II- or Aβ fibres

A

thick myelin sheath: mechanoreception, flower-spray in muscle spindle

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35
Q

The gray matter - classfication of sensory nerves

Describe Ib- or (Aα) fibres

A

thick myelin sheath: Golgi tendon organ

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36
Q

The gray matter - classfication of sensory nerves

Describe Ia- or (Aα) fibres

A

thick myelin sheath: anulospiral ending

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37
Q

The gray matter

Name of this area

A

Dorsal horn

38
Q

The gray matter

The major roles of dorsal horn

A
  1. Receive central processes of pseudounipolar neurons in the dorsal root ganglion
  2. Sensory information is processed and transmitted to higher regions horn
39
Q

The gray matter

What is the major type of neuron you can find in dorsal horn?

A

interneurons

40
Q

The gray matter

Describe Marginal zone (Lamina I)

A
  1. Spindle-shaped neurons,
    afferentation from the periphery, nociceptive and heat impulse.
  2. Interneurons (reflexes) and funicular neurons (spinothalamic tract)
41
Q

The gray matter

Describe Substantia gelatinosa (Lamina II) of dorsal horn

A
  • small neurons
  • fibres are afferents from the skin, Aδ and C- fibers,
  • receive monoaminergic input from the brainstem
  • Efferentation mainly in the same lamina
  • procession of pain
42
Q

The gray matter

Describe Proper nucleus of dorsal column (Lamina III-IV)

A
  • mainly Aβ fibres from the skin
  • mainly transmitted to the spinothalamic tract
43
Q

The gray matter

Describe Lamina V-VI

A

various types of afferents , interneurons and funicular (spinothalamic tract) neurons

44
Q

What does Gate-control theory (Melzack and Wall, 1965) say?

A

The pain –carrying C fiber activates the upwards projecting funicular neuron and inhibits the interneuron, which inhibits the latter.

Incoming mechanoreceptor information-carrying Aβ-fiber activates the inhibitor of the projective (funicular) neuron.

=> So the pain information on the funicular neuron is decreased.

45
Q

Gate-control theory (Melzack and Wall, 1965)

-> The pain –carrying C fiber activates (1)___ and inhibits the (2)____, which inhibits the latter.

A
  1. the upwards projecting funicular neuron
  2. interneuron
46
Q

Gate-control theory (Melzack and Wall, 1965)

Incoming mechanoreceptor information-carrying Aβ-fiber activates _____

A

the inhibitor of the projective (funicular) neuron.

47
Q

What does Gate-control theory (Melzack and Wall, 1965) say?

What type of fiber activates the upwards projecting funicular neuron and inhibits the interneuron, which inhibits the latter?

A

The pain –carrying C fiber

48
Q

What does Gate-control theory (Melzack and Wall, 1965) say?

What type of fibres activates the inhibitor of the projective (funicular) neuron?

A

Incoming mechanoreceptor information-carrying Aβ-fiber

49
Q

Name of this area (red)

A

The intermediate zone

50
Q

Which nucleus are included in intermediate zone?

A

The intermediate zone

51
Q

The intermediate zone

Describe Lamina X

A

central gray matter, several intraspinal connections

52
Q

The intermediate zone

Describe Lamina VII

A

It contains Clarke-Stilling nucleus
-> proprioceptive and epicritic information from the lower limb, large neurons project to the cerebellum through the dorsal spinocerebellar tract

53
Q

The intermediate zone

The role of Clarke-Stilling nucleus

A

proprioceptive and epicritic information from the lower limb

54
Q

The intermediate zone

The role of Intermediomedial nucleus

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic preganglionar neurons

55
Q

The intermediate zone

The role of Intermediolateral nucleus

A

sympathetic preganglionar neurons, in the thoracic and upper lumbar levels the lateral horn is formed

56
Q

Name of this area (red)

A

The ventral horn

57
Q

The ventral horn

Describe IX lamina

A

groups of Aα- and Aγ-motoneurons, innervating the skeletal muscles

Interneurons, e.g: Renshaw-cells: reciprocal inhibition

58
Q

The ventral horn

Describe lamina VIII

A

various neurons.

Commissural nucleus of Lenhossék: crossing fibres in the commissura alba

59
Q

The ventral horn

Motor nerve classification

A

Aα: extrafusal fibers
Aγ: intrafusal fibers

60
Q

This is a typical motor neuron in the ventral horn
-> Identify

A
61
Q

The white matter

The role of Gracile fascicle and cuneate fascicle

A

transmit the epicritic information (fine touch, pressure, vibration) and proprioceptive information from the joints and muscles

62
Q

The white matter

The role of Gracile fascicle and cuneate fascicle

A

transmit the epicritic information (fine touch, pressure, vibration) and proprioceptive information from the joints and muscles

63
Q

The white matter

The role of Anterior and posterior spinocerebellar tracts

A

Transmit proprioceptive (from tendons, mucles, joints) information to the cerebellum via mossy fibres

Posterior (Th9-L3): from the dorsal nucleus (Clarke-Stilling)
Anterior (L4-S3)

64
Q

The white matter

The role of Anterior and lateral spinothalamic tracts

A

protopathic sensibility (crude touch (anterior), heat and pain (lateral))

65
Q

The white matter

The role of Anterior and lateral corticospinal tracts

A

voluntary movements from the cortex („pyramidal tract”)

66
Q

The white matter

The role of Extrapyramidal tracts

A

coordination and processing motor commands at a subconscious level.

67
Q

The white matter

Identify

A
68
Q

Describe motor and descending pathyways (efferent) (somatotopic arrangement)

A
69
Q

Describe sensory and ascending pathyways (efferent) (somatotopic arrangement)

A
70
Q

Two types of intrafusal fibers innervated by two types of sensory nerves and nerve endings.
-> What are they?

A

Nuclear bag fibers: afferent „Ia”, anulospiral ending

Nuclear chain fibers: afferent II, flower-spray ending

71
Q

Which fibres involving in motor innervation of muscle?

A

Aγ-fibers

72
Q

Which fibres involving in
innervation of tendons? Sensory or motor?

A

Ib afferents
-> Sensory

73
Q

Describe the pathway of Proprioceptive, monosynaptic reflex

A
  1. Receptor: anulospiral terminal on the muscle spindle
  2. Afferent nerve: Aβ (Ia), pseudounipolar
  3. Central process: 1 synapse on the Iα motor neuron
  4. Efferent nerve: Aα motor neuron
  5. Effector: motor end plate → extrafusal muscle fiber
74
Q

Examples of Proprioceptive, monosynaptic reflex

A

brachioradial reflex, patella-reflex, masseter-reflex

75
Q

Some Additional mechanisms of Proprioceptive, monosynaptic reflex

A
  • Reciprocal inhibition (through interneurons of the other side)
  • γ-loop (the γ-motor neuron innervates the muscle spindle. By changing the sensitivity of the intrafusal fibers, γ-motor neurons can change the length of the muscle)
76
Q

Additional mechanisms of Proprioceptive, monosynaptic reflex
-> Describe γ-loop

A

the γ-motor neuron innervates the muscle spindle. By changing the sensitivity of the intrafusal fibers, γ-motor neurons can change the length of the muscle

77
Q

Additional mechanisms of Proprioceptive, monosynaptic reflex
-> Describe Reciprocal inhibition

A

through interneurons of the other side

78
Q

What are Renshaw-cells?

A

Inhibitory cells of the ventral horn

79
Q

Innervation of Renshaw-cells

A

They are innervated by the collaterals of active α-motor neurons

80
Q

What do Renshaw’s cell inhibit?

A

inhibit the neighbouring α-cells

81
Q

Renshaw-cells
-> When the activity of a motor neuron ___ (decrease/increase), the neighbouring cells are losing their previous inhibition

A

decreases

82
Q

Renshaw-cells
-> When the activity of ____ decreases, the neighbouring cells are losing their previous inhibition

A

a motor neuron

83
Q

Describe Tendon reflex

A
  • Tendon spindles (of Golgi) sign at deformation (stretch and contraction)
  • Disynaptic reflex, inhibits the α- and γ- motor neurons
84
Q

The role of tendon reflex

A

decreases the muscle tone

85
Q

Describe Nociceptive (withdrawal) and crossed extensor-flexor reflexes

A
  1. Receptor: skin receptor, probably nociceptive
  2. Afferent nerve: Aδ or C-fibers, pseudounipolar neuron
  3. Central process: one or more interneurons; funicular neurons over more segments
  4. Efferent nerve: Aα motor neuron, minimum the third
  6. Effector:
    motor end plate → extrafusal muscle fiber
    => Flexor muscles ipsilaterally + Extensor muscles contralaterally (crossed)
86
Q

Examples of Nociceptive (withdrawal) and crossed extensor-flexor reflexes

A

when you step into a nail (nociceptive and crossed flexor-extensor reflex)
Abdominal reflex, cremaster-reflex, cornea-reflex, cough…

87
Q

Pathway of Autonomic reflex – viscero-visceral reflex

A
  1. Receptor: enteroceptor in the internal organ
  2. Afferent nerve: Aβ (Ia), or Aδ or C –fibers, pseudounipolar nerves
  3. Central process: minimum one interneuron, divergence among several segments
  4. Efferent nerve: B-fiber – preganglionic motor neuron → prevertebral sympathetic or intramural parasympathetic ganglion cell: C-fiber
  5. Effector: visceral organ: smooth muscle
88
Q

„Mixed” reflexes

What is Viscerocutan?

A

From the organs to the skin (sudomotor, vasomotor function)

89
Q

What is Visceromotor?

A

from the organs to a skelatal muscle

90
Q

What is Cutivisceral?

A

somatosensory input to visceromotor efferent

91
Q

What are head zones?

A

Head-zones, „projecting” pain:

-> The viscerosensory and the somatosensory fibres innervate the same interneurons, so, we feel pain and hyperaesthesia on the somatosensory area, although the stimulus comes from the organs.

A micro ANA II (theory) (31 decks)

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