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IDT > IDT Exam 1 > Flashcards

IDT Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Which part of the brain is responsible for new memory formation?

A

The hippocampus

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2
Q

What does the amygdala do?

A

It regulates emotion and self preservation

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3
Q

What landmarks are in the limbic system?

A

The amygdala and hippocampus are landmarks of this

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4
Q

What is the corpus callulosum?

A

This is the fibrous bridge between the cerebral hemispheres

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5
Q

What does the choroid plexus do?

A

This secretes 500 ml of CSF daily

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6
Q

Where do immune cells enter csf ?

A

Choroid plexus

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7
Q

What does the thalamus do?

A

It acts as a relay station for almost all peripheral sensory information to the higher brain area. Sorts through information and focuses on what is important

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8
Q

Which part of The brain is responsible for regulation through hormones

A

The hypothalamus

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9
Q

What role does midbrain serve

A

This organ sorts through visual and auditory input and lies under the thalamus

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10
Q

What role does the medulla serve?

A

This organ controls heart rate, blood pressure, respiration and swallowing

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11
Q

What does the pons do?

A

This organ coordinates posture and breathing and it also controls sleep and wake cycles and dream impulses

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12
Q

Purpose of hindbrain

A

This organ controls temperature and simple reflexes like coughing and sneezing

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13
Q

Also called the little brain and contains 50% of brains neurons

A

Cerebellum

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14
Q

The cerebellum does what?

A

Integrates movement and posture to create fluid movement

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15
Q

What would cerebellar damage cause

A

Balance issues - speech - and fine motor problems

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16
Q

What are central pattern generators?

A

Networks of neurons that can act locally to trigger reflexes they do not require higher brain input to function

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17
Q

Pain receptors pressure receptors and position receptors are called

A

Nociceptor mechanoceptor proprioceptor

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18
Q

What makes up the BBB

A

Endothelial cells with tight junctions and glial cells wrapping around the capillaries

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19
Q

What molecules can enter through paracellular aqueous pathway?

A

Water soluble molecules

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20
Q

Name the two barbiturates used as AEDs

A

Phenobarbital and primidone

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21
Q

Why are AEDs strongly associated with toxicities?

A

They are dosed in grams which allows minor metabolites to become problematic

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22
Q

What two skin disorders are common with antiepileptics?

A

Stevens - Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis

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23
Q

Which anti-epileptics are associated with severe skin disorders

A

Carbamazepine (HLA SE Asians), phenytoin, phenobarbital, lamotrigine

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24
Q

What is the method of action of barbiturates?

A

GABA potentiation

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25
Q

T 1/2 of phenobarbital

A

2-6 days

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26
Q

Phenobarbital induces

A

P450 and UGTs

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27
Q

Phenobarbital is metabolized by what method

A

By para hydroxylation 2c9 and 2c19

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28
Q

Primidone is a prodrug of what

A

Phenobarbital once oxidized and PEMA

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29
Q

Which barbiturate is less sedating

A

Primidone is less ______ than phenobarbital

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30
Q

Name the two hydantoins

A

Phenytoin and fosphenytoin

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31
Q

Big 6 neurotransmitters

A

Acetylcholine, norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin, glutamate, GABA

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32
Q

Neurotransmitters must be

A

Synthesized, stored, released, attach to receptor, and be removed

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33
Q

Cholinergic projection neurons are located in?

A

Medial septal nucleus and nucleus basilis

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34
Q

Cholinergic deficits and changes in the septo-hippocampal pathway are associated with?

A

Alzheimer’s

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35
Q

Acetylcholine is synthesized by?

A

Choline acetyltransferase

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36
Q

Cht is responsible for

A

Ach reuptake

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37
Q

3 cholinesterase inhibitors treat?

A

Galantamine,rivastigmine,donepezil, Alzheimer’s

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38
Q

Muscarinic receptors are

A

Gpcr

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39
Q

Nicotinic receptors are?

A

Ligand gated ion channels (excitatory)

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40
Q

Muscle type ach receptor subtype

A

(Alpha1)2, beta1, gamma, delta

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41
Q

Ganglion nicotinic ach receptor subtype

A

(Alpha4)2, (beta2)3

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42
Q

Neuronal nicotinic Acetylcholine receptor subtype

A

(Alpha4)2,(beta2)3 reward

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43
Q

Homomeric neuronal subtype

A

(Alpha7)5

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44
Q

Significance of different receptor subtypes

A

Different submits = different function

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45
Q

Which muscarinic receptors are in brain

A

All, m1-m5

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46
Q

Docking and release of vesicles into synapse requires?

A

Calcium through voltage-gated ion channels and snare proteins

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47
Q

All catecholamines are synthesized from?

A

Tyrosine (norepinephrine, dopamine, and epinephrine)

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48
Q

The two noradrenergic projections are?

A

The locus ceruleus and lateral tegmental noradrenergic neurons

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49
Q

List the two noradrenergic degradation pathways and locations

A

Monoamine oxidase in mitochondria and catechol-o-methyltransferase everywhere

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50
Q

Ligand, gated ion channels have how many subunits

A

5

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51
Q

Gpcr coupled receptors have how many subunits?

A

7

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52
Q

3 main projection neurons of dopamine

A

Substantial nigra, ventral tegmental area, nucleus accumbens

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53
Q

Which neurons project to striatum

A

Substantia nigra

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54
Q

Which neuronal pathway degrades in Parkinson’s

A

Nigrostriatal pathway

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55
Q

Which neurons project to the lymbic system and cerebral cortex

A

Ventral tegmental area

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56
Q

The reward center of brain

A

Nucleusaccumbens

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57
Q

Dopamine receptors are

A

Gpcr

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58
Q

D1______ adenylate cyclase by coupling with_______

A

Increases, Gs

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59
Q

D2______ adenylate cyclase by coupling with_______

A

Decreases, Gi

60
Q

Cocaine target esp in nucleus accumbens

A

Dopamine transporter

61
Q

% Of 5HT in brain

A

1-2%

62
Q

Serotonin is, also known as

A

Enteramine

63
Q

Serotonin is associated with

A

Hallucinations, behavior, sleep/wake, mood, appetite, blood pressure, sexual fxn, temp reg

64
Q

Serotonin precursor

A

Tryptophan

65
Q

Serotonin cell bodies are found in

A

Raphe nuclei

66
Q

Ondansetron is a

A

Selective 5-ht3 antagonist

67
Q

All serotonin receptors are gpcr except

A

5ht3

68
Q

Glutamate is______while and glycine and gaba are_______

A

Excitatory, inhibitory

69
Q

Synthesis of glutamate

A

Glutamine → glutamate→ GABA

70
Q

Which glutamate receptor requires a coagonist

A

Nmda Calcium channel requires glycine

71
Q

Name the two non-nmda receptors

A

Ampa and kainate both sodium channels

72
Q

Glutamate receptors have____ subunits

A

4

73
Q

What is a postsynaptic density

A

An electron dense, protein/receptor enriched area on an excitatory neuron’s dendritic spine

74
Q

GABA is synthesized by

A

glutamic acid de carboxylase

75
Q

GABA is metabolized by

A

GABA transaminase

76
Q

What is rate limiting enzyme in serotonin production

A

Tryptophan hydroxyls

77
Q

What breaks serotonin down

A

Mao

78
Q

Cocaine binds to this transporter

A

Sert

79
Q

3 amino acid transmitters

A

Glutamate, GABA, glycine

80
Q

Glutamate reuptake

A

EAAT

81
Q

Which GABA receptor is GPCR

A

GABAb is negatively coupled to Gi and adenylyl cyclase

82
Q

What is baclofen

A

GABAb receptor agonist for spasm

83
Q

How does GABA work

A

Binds to receptor→ opens chloride channel and hyperpolarizes neuronal membrane

84
Q

GABAa receptors can also bind

A

Benzodiazepines, barbiturates, steroids, and picrotoxin

85
Q

Strychnine is

A

A competitive glycine receptor antagonist

86
Q

Neuroactive peptides are stored where

A

In large dense-core vesicles

87
Q

Histamine receptors are

A

Gpcr

88
Q

Adenosine receptor names and mechanism

A

P1: Gpcr and P2: ligand gated ion channel

89
Q

Phenytoin

A

Na channel blocker at inactive state

90
Q

Bromocryptine is

A

D2/d3 partial agonist

91
Q

Carbidopa…

A

Aaad inhibitor due to hydrazine works in periphery not brain

92
Q

Dopamine agonist 3 general features

A

Not prodrug, more selective, longer duration

93
Q

D2/ d3 receptors only need

A

Phenylethylamine with meta h bond donor

94
Q

Pramipexole

A

D3 > d2 agonist

95
Q

Robinirole

A

D3 > d2 agonist

96
Q

Ropinirole metabolism

A

Cyp1A2

97
Q

Rotigotine

A

D3 agonist

98
Q

How is rotigotine given

A

Transderm because of rapid glucuronidation po

99
Q

Apomorphine

A

Short acting D4 agonist subq inj

100
Q

Name 4 class of seizure

A

Partial(focal/local)
Generalized
Unclassified
Special syndromes

101
Q

3 types of partial seizures

A

Simple
Complex
Evolve into secondarily generalized tonic-clonic

102
Q

Describe Partial seizures

A

Activity stays local

103
Q

Describe generalized seizures

A

No local onset Bilaterally symmetrical

104
Q

Describe Simple partial seizures

A

Consciousness is not impaired
Symptoms depend on location

105
Q

Describe complex partial seizures

A

Consciousness is impaired
Aura
Impaired memory

106
Q

Describe evolving seizures

A

Tonic-clonic
Unconscious
Aura

107
Q

Describe absence seizures

A

Petit mal
Sudden interruption of consciousness

108
Q

Describe myoclonic seizures

A

1-2 second muscle contraction

109
Q

Describe tonic-clonic seizures

A

Grand mal
Contraction
Shaking
Unconscious and limp

110
Q

Describe status epilepticus

A

More (mult in 30 min) or longer (lasts 10+ min) seizures
Call 911
Give benzodiazepines

111
Q

Progression of partial seizure

A

Initiation
Synchronization
Spread (aura)
Depolarization
Seizure begins

112
Q

Neuronal depolarization is known as

A

Paroxysmal depolarizing shift

113
Q

Which drugs inactivate sodium channels

A

Phenytoin
Primidone
CBZ
Valproate
Lamotrigine
Oxcarbazepine
Zonisamide
Rufinamide
Eslicarbazepine
Cenobamate
Lacosamide

114
Q

Which drugs potentate GABA

A

Potassium bromide
Phenobarbital
Primidone
Clonazepam
Clobazam
Vigabatrin
Tiagabine

115
Q

Which drug hits nmda

A

Felbamate

116
Q

What does gabapentin do

A

Binds presynaptic calcium channel to prevent glutamate release

117
Q

How do Na+ channel blockers work

A

They inhibit high-frequency repetitive firing

118
Q

How do alpha 2 delta ligand drugs work

A

They bird to the subunit of the calcium channels and decrease glutamate release

119
Q

How do the - racetams work

A

They bind to sv2a and modify neurotransmitter release

120
Q

Vigabatrin may cause

A

Blindness

121
Q

Lamotragine may cause

A

Lethal rash

122
Q

What causes huntington’s disease

A

Genes:cag repeat causes neurotoxic protein buildup

123
Q

When does parkinson’s snow

A

Loss of 70-80% striatal dopamine

124
Q

Lewy bodies are made of

A

Alpha-synuclein

125
Q

Mechanism of MPTP

A

Lipophilic crosses BBB
Conversion by Mao-B
Enters neuron by DAT
Binds to melanin

126
Q

Name the 5 nuclei of the basal ganglia

A

Caudate
Putamen
Globus pallidus
Subthalamic
Substantia nigra

127
Q

Levodopaside effects

A

GI upset
Cardiovascular problems
Dystonia
Dyskinesia
On/off phenomenon
Behavioral

128
Q

What’s the risk of a drug holiday in parkinson’s

A

Bed ridden
Pneumonia
Clots
Depression

129
Q

What does TRAP stand for

A

Tremor
Rigid
Akinesia
Posture

130
Q

Non motor symptoms of PD

A

Sweating
Constipation
Decreased arm swing

131
Q

Behavioral Pd symptoms

A

Depression/Anxiety
Anhedonia
Psychosis
Dementia

132
Q

How does pinvanserin work

A

Serotonin receptors

133
Q

Ropinirole can interact with

A

Nicotine and ciprofloxacin

134
Q

How is rotigotine dosed

A

Transderm

135
Q

2c9 inhibitor

A

Valproate

136
Q

3a4 inducer and 2C19 inhibitor

A

-azepines

137
Q

Forms toxic epoxide

A

CBZ

138
Q

Prodrug AED

A

Eslicarbazepine

139
Q

Blocks GABA metabolism

A

Vigabatrin

140
Q

May cause liver failure

A

Felbamate

141
Q

May increase lamotrigine metabolism

A

Phenobarbital
Phenytoin
CBZ

142
Q

Dopamine agonists end in

A

-ine and ole

143
Q

COMT inhibitors end in

A

-pone

144
Q

Mao inhibitors end in

A

-giline
+ Sulfonamide

145
Q

Adenosine receptor agonist

A

Istradefylline

IDT (5 decks)

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