Chapter 20 Flashcards

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1
Q

nucleic acid hybridization

A

the base pairing of one strand of a nucleic acid to the complementary sequence on a strand from another nucleic acid molecule

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2
Q

genetic engineering

A

direct manipulation of genes for practical purposes

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3
Q

DNA sequencing

A

determining the complete nucleotide sequence of a gene or DNA segment

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4
Q

DNA cloning

A

the production of multiple copies of a specific DNA segment

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5
Q

plasmid

A

a small, circular, double stranded DNA molecule that carries accessory genes separate from those of a bacterial chromosome; in DNA cloning, plasmids are used as vectors carrying up to 10,000 base pairs of DNA

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6
Q

recombinant DNA molecule

A

a DNA molecule made in vitro with segments from different sources

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7
Q

gene cloning

A

the production of multiple copies of a gene

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8
Q

cloning vector

A

in genetic engineering, a DNA molecule that can carry foreign DNA into a host cell and replicate there. cloning vectors include plasmids and bacterial artificial chromosomes (BACs) which move recombinant DNA from a test tube back into a cell, and viruses that transfer recombinant DNA by infection

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9
Q

restriction enzymes

A

a type of enzyme that recognizes and cuts DNA molecules foreign to a bacterium; the enzyme cuts at specific nucleotide sequences (restriction sites)

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10
Q

restriction site

A

a specific sequence on a DNA strand that is recognized and cut by a restriction enzyme

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11
Q

restriction fragments

A

a DNA segment that results from the cutting of DNA by a restriction enzyme

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12
Q

sticky end

A

a single stranded end of a double stranded restriction fragment

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13
Q

gel electrophoresis

A

a technique for separating nucleic acids or proteins on the basis of their size and electrical charge, both of which affect their rate of movement thru an electric field in a gel made of agarose or another polymer

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14
Q

polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

A

a technique for amplifying DNA in vitro by incubating it with specific primers, a heat resistant DNA polymerase, and nucleotides

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15
Q

expression vector

A

a cloning vector that contains a highly active bacterial promoter just upstream of a restriction site where a eukaryotic gene can be inserted, allowing the gene to be expressed in a bacterial cell; expression vectors are also available that have been genetically engineering for use in specific types of eukaryotic cells

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16
Q

electroporation

A

a technique used to introduce recombinant DNA into cells by applying a brief electrical pulse to a solution containing the cells; creates temporary holes in the cells’ plasma membranes, thru which DNA can enter

17
Q

nucleic acid probe

A

a labeled single-stranded nucleic acid molecule used to locate a specific nucleotide sequence in a nucleic acid sample; molecules of the probe hydrogen-bond to the complementary sequence wherever it occurs; radioactive, fluorescent, or other labeling of the probe allows its location to be detected

18
Q

in situ hybridization

A

a technique using nucleic acid hybridization with a labeled probe to detect the location of a specific mRNA in an intact organism

19
Q

reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR)

A

a technique for determining expression of a particular gene; uses reverse transcriptase and DNA polymerase to synthesize cDNA from all the mRNA in a sample and then subjects the cDNA to PCR amplification using primers specific for the gene of interest

20
Q

complementary DNA (cDNA)

A

a double stranded DNA molecule made in vitro using mRNA as a template and the enzymes reverse transcriptase and DNA polymerase; a cDNA molecule corresponds to the exons of a gene

21
Q

RNA sequencing (RNA-seq)

A

a method of analyzing large sets of RNAs that involves making cDNAs and sequencing them

22
Q

DNA microarray assay

A

a method to detect and measure the expression of thousands of genes at one time; tiny amounts of a large number of single-stranded DNA fragments representing different genes are fixed to a glass slide and tested for hybridization with samples of labeled cDNA

23
Q

in vitro mutagenesis

A

a technique used to discover the function of a gene by cloning it, introducing specific changes into the cloned gene’s sequence, reinserting the mutated gene into a cell, and studying the phenotype of the mutant

24
Q

gene drive

A

a process that biases inheritance such that a particular allele is more likely to be inherited than are other alleles, causing the favored allele to spread through the population

25
Q

RNA interference (RNAi)

A

a mechanism for silencing the expression of specific genes; double stranded RNA molecules that match the sequence of a particular gene are processed into siRNAs that either block translation or trigger the degradation of the gene’s messenger RNA

26
Q

single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)

A

a single base pair site in a genome where nucleotide variation is found in at least 1% of the population

27
Q

stem cell

A

any relatively unspecialized cell that can produce, during a single division, two identical daughter cells or two more specialized daughter cells that can undergo further differentiation, or one cell of each type

28
Q

totipotent

A

describing a cell that can give rise to all parts of the embryo and adult, as well as extraembryonic membranes in species that have them

29
Q

transgene

A

a gene that has been transferred naturally or by a genetic engineering technique from one organism to another

30
Q

genetic profile

A

an individual’s unique set of genetic markers, detected most often today by PCR

31
Q

short tandem repeats (STRs)

A

simple sequence DNA containing multiple tenderly repeated units of two to five nucleotides; variations in STRs act as genetic markers in STR analysis, used to prepare genetic profiles