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Botany > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Meristematic Tissues

A

Meristematic tissues, or simply meristems, are tissues in which the cells remain forever young and divide actively throughout the life of the plant.

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2
Q

Meristems

A

The meristem is a type of tissue found in plants. It consists of undifferentiated cells capable of cell division. Cells in the meristem can develop into all the other tissues and organs that occur in plants. These cells continue to divide until a time when they get differentiated and then lose the ability to divide.

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3
Q

parenchyma

A

Parenchyma forms the bulk of plant ground tissue, where they may be specialised to function in photosynthesis, storage, or transport. Parenchyma is integral to vascular tissue, where it provides a route of exchange for materials within and between the xylem and the phloem.

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4
Q

phloem

A

the vascular tissue in plants that conducts sugars and other metabolic products downward from the leaves.

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5
Q

xylem

A

xylem, plant vascular tissue that conveys water and dissolved minerals from the roots to the rest of the plant and also provides physical support.

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6
Q

sclerenchyma sclereids

A

Sclereids are a reduced form of sclerenchyma cells with highly thickened, lignified cellular walls that form small bundles of durable layers of tissue in most plants. The presence of numerous sclereids form the cores of apples and produce the gritty texture of guavas.

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7
Q

sclerenchyma fibers

A

Sclerenchyma fibers can be found below the epidermis of monocotyledons, organized in two or three layers of cells. They are known as cortical fibers. Perivascular sclerenchyma fibers are found protecting vascular bundles.

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8
Q

sclerenchyma

A

strengthening tissue in a plant, formed from cells with thickened, typically lignified, walls.

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9
Q

Plant epidermis

A

epidermis, in botany, outermost, protoderm-derived layer of cells covering the stem, root, leaf, flower, fruit, and seed parts of a plant. The epidermis and its waxy cuticle provide a protective barrier against mechanical injury, water loss, and infection

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10
Q

Periderm

A

In botany, the term periderm is the outer covering of certain plants, especially woody plants. It is the outermost layer of the bark made up of cork cells, cork cambium, and phelloderm. It replaces the epidermis of the stems and roots of woody plants.

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11
Q

Secretory tissues

A

The tissues that are concerned with the secretion of gums, resins, volatile oils, nectar latex, and other substances

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12
Q

meristem

A

(mair′uh-stem) a region of undifferentiated cells in which new cells arise

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13
Q

apical meristem

A

(ay′pi-kul mair′i-stem) a meristem at the tip of a shoot or root

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14
Q

protoderm

A

(proh′tuh-durm) the primary meristem that gives rise to the epidermis

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15
Q

procambium

A

(proh-kam′bee-um) a primary meristematic tissue that differentiates into primary xylem and phloem

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16
Q

primary tissue

A

(pry′mer-ee tish′yu) a tissue produced by an apical meristem (e.g., epidermis, cortex, primary xylem and phloem, pith)

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17
Q

lateral meristem

A

(lat′uh-rul mair′uh-stem) region in a plant that produces tissue that increases the girth of roots and stems

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18
Q

vascular cambium

A

(vas′kyu-lur kam′bee-um) a narrow, cylindrical sheath of cells that produces secondary xylem and phloem in stems and roots

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19
Q

cambium

A

(kam′bee-um) a meristem producing secondary tissues; see vascular cambium, cork cambium

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20
Q

cork cambium

A

(kork kam′bee-um) a narrow cylindrical sheath of cells between the exterior of a woody root or stem and the central vascular tissue; it produces cork to its exterior and phelloderm to its interior; it is also called phellogen

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21
Q

node

A

(nohd) region of a stem where one or more leaves are attached

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22
Q

parenchyma

A

(puh-ren′kuh-muh) thin-walled cells varying in size, shape, and function; the most common type of plant cell

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23
Q

chlorenchyma

A

(klor-en′kuh-mah) tissue composed of parenchyma cells that contain chloroplasts

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24
Q

sclerenchyma

A

(skluh-ren′kuh-muh) tissue composed of lignified cells with thick walls; the tissue functions primarily in strengthening and support

25
Q

lignin

A

(lig′nin) a polymer with which certain cell walls (e.g., those of wood) become impregnated

26
Q

sclereid

A

(sklair′id) a sclerenchyma cell that usually has one axis not conspicuously longer than the other; it may vary in shape and is heavily lignified

27
Q

xylem

A

(zy′lim) the tissue through which most of the water and dissolved minerals utilized by a plant are conducted; it consists of several types of cells

28
Q

vessel element

A

ves′uhl el′uh-mint) a single cell of a vessel

29
Q

vessel

A

(ves′uhl) one of usually very numerous cylindrical “tubes” whose cells have lost their cytoplasm; occur in the xylem of most angiosperms and a few other vascular plants; each vessel is composed of vessel members laid end to end; the perforated or open-ended walls of the vessel members permit water to pass through freely

30
Q

perforation plate

A

(per′for-ey-shun playt) the end walls of xylem vessel elements with openings through which water flows

31
Q

tracheid

A

(tray′kee-id) a xylem cell that is tapered at the ends and has thick walls containing pits

32
Q

ray

A

(ray) radially oriented tiers of parenchyma cells that conduct food, water, and other materials laterally in the stems and roots of woody plants; they are generally continuous across the vascular cambium between the xylem and the phloem; the portion within the wood is called a xylem ray, while the extension of the same ray in the phloem is called a phloem ray

33
Q

phloem

A

(flohm) the food-conducting tissue of a vascular plant

34
Q

sieve tube member

A

siv t(y)oob mem′bur) a single cell of a sieve tube

35
Q

companion cell

A

(kum-pan′yun sel) a specialized cell derived from the same parent cell as the closely associated sieve tube member immediately adjacent to it (in angiosperm phloem)

36
Q

sieve tube

A

(siv t(y)oob) a column of sieve tube members arranged end to end; food is conducted from cell to cell through sieve plates

37
Q

sieve plate

A

(siv playt) an area of the wall of a sieve tube member that contains several to many perforations that permit cytoplasmic connections between similar adjacent cells, the cytoplasmic strands being larger than plasmodesmata

38
Q

callose

A

Callose is a plant polysaccharide. Its production is due to the glucan synthase-like gene in various places within a plant. It is produced to act as a temporary cell wall in response to stimuli such as stress or damage.

39
Q

velamen root

A

(vel′uh-min root) an aerial root with a multilayered epidermis believed to function in retarding moisture loss

40
Q

cutin

A

(kyu′tin) the waxy or fatty substance of which a cuticle is composed

41
Q

cuticle

A

(kyut′i-kul) a waxy or fatty layer of varying thickness on the outer walls of epidermal cells

42
Q

trichome

A

(trahy′ kohm) an outgrowth from the epidermis of plants

43
Q

stoma

A

(pl. stomata) (stoh′muh; pl. stoh′mah-tuh) a minute pore or opening in the epidermis of leaves, herbaceous stems, and the sporophytes of hornworts (Anthoceros); it is flanked by two guard cells that regulate its opening and closing and thus regulate gas exchange and transpiration

44
Q

guard cell

A

(gahrd sel) one of a pair of specialized cells surrounding a stoma

45
Q

gland

A

(gland) a small body of variable shape and size that may secrete certain substances but that also may be functionless

46
Q

periderm

A

(pair′uh-durm) outer bark; composed primarily of cork cells

47
Q

cork

A

(kork) tissue composed of cells whose walls are impregnated with suberin at maturity; the outer layer of tissue of an older woody stem; produced by the cork cambium

48
Q

suberin

A

(soo′buh-rin) a fatty substance found primarily in the cell walls of cork and the Casparian strips of endodermal cells

49
Q

lenticel

A

(lent′uh-sel) one of usually numerous, slightly raised, somewhat spongy groups of cells in the bark of woody plants; lenticels permit gas exchange between the interior of a plant and the external atmosphere

50
Q

secretory cell, tissue

A

(see′kruh-tor-ee sel, tish′yu) cell or tissue producing a substance or substances that are moved outside the cells

51
Q

Which is not a major group of plant organs?

A

Seeds.

52
Q

If a plant initially grows rapidly, but does not undergo secondary growth, which meristem is likely not functioning as it should?

A

Lateral.

53
Q

A section of plant tissue contains two different cell types. Based on this information, the section can be classified as which of the following?

A

Complex tissue.

54
Q

simple tissues

A

Parenchyma, Collenchyma, Sckerebchyma

55
Q

A section of tissue was cut from the stem of an herbaceous plant, just beneath the epidermis. Examination of the section revealed living cells with unevenly thickened cell walls. The section is an example of what tissue type?

A

Collenchyma tissue.

56
Q

Features of Parenchyma

A

Function in photosynthesis or in food/water storage, live cells with thin, pliable cell walls

57
Q

Features of Collenchyma

A

Provides flexible support, often occurs just below the epidermis. live cells with unevenly thickened cell walls

58
Q

Features of Sclerenchyma

A

Provides rigid support. Dead cells with thick tough, lignin-impregnated secondary walls

59
Q

A horticulturist girdles a tree by removing a ring of its bark and phloem. The tree will ultimately die because it cannot

A

transport dissolved sugars.

Botany (7 decks)

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