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Botany > Chapter 7 Leaves > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Leaves Flashcards

1
Q

leaf

A

(leef) a flattened, usually photosynthetic structure arranged in various ways on a stem

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2
Q

primordium

A

(pry-mord′ee-um) an organ or structure (e.g., leaf, bud) at its earliest stage of development

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3
Q

petiole

A

(pet′ee-ohl) the stalk of a leaf

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4
Q

blade

A

(blayd) the conspicuous flattened part of a leaf (also called lamina) or seaweed

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5
Q

sessile

A

(sess′uhl) without petiole or pedicel; attached directly by the base

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6
Q

deciduous

A

(duh-sij′yu-wuss) shedding leaves annually

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7
Q

simple leaf

A

(sim′pul leef) a leaf with the blade undivided into leaflets

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8
Q

compound leaf

A

(kom′pownd leef) a leaf whose blade is divided into distinct leaflets

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9
Q

pinnately compound; pinnately veined

A

(pin′ayt-lee kom′pownd; pin′ayt-lee vaynd) having leaflets or veins on both sides of a common axis (e.g., rachis, midrib) to which they are attached

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10
Q

rachis

A

(ray′kiss) the axis of a pinnately compound leaf or frond extending between the lowermost leaflets or pinnae and the terminal leaflet or pinna (corresponds with the midrib of a simple leaf)

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11
Q

palmately compound; palmately veined

A

(pahl′mayt-lee kom′pownd; pahl′-mayt-lee vaynd) having leaflets or principal veins radiating out from a common point

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12
Q

stoma

A

(pl. stomata) (stoh′muh; pl. stoh′mah-tuh) a minute pore or opening in the epidermis of leaves, herbaceous stems, and the sporophytes of hornworts (Anthoceros); it is flanked by two guard cells that regulate its opening and closing and thus regulate gas exchange and transpiration

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13
Q

transpiration

A

(trans-puh-ray′shun) loss of water in vapor form; most transpiration takes place through the stomata

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14
Q

guttation

A

(guh-tay′shun) the exudation from leaves of water in liquid form due to root pressure

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15
Q

node

A

(nohd) region of a stem where one or more leaves are attached

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16
Q

internode

A

(in′tur-nohd) a stem region between nodes

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17
Q

pinnately compound; pinnately veined

A

(pin′ayt-lee kom′pownd; pin′ayt-lee vaynd) having leaflets or veins on both sides of a common axis (e.g., rachis, midrib) to which they are attached

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18
Q

palmately compound; palmately veined

A

(pahl′mayt-lee kom′pownd; pahl′-mayt-lee vaynd) having leaflets or principal veins radiating out from a common point

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19
Q

midrib

A

(mid′rib) the central (main) vein of a pinnately veined leaf or leaflet

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20
Q

midvein

A

(mid′vayn) primary region of vascular tissue, usually spanning the center of a leaf

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21
Q

cuticle

A

(kyut′i-kul) a waxy or fatty layer of varying thickness on the outer walls of epidermal cells

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22
Q

cutin

A

(kyu′tin) the waxy or fatty substance of which a cuticle is composed

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23
Q

mesophyll

A

(mez′uh-fil) parenchyma (chlorenchyma) tissue between the upper and lower epidermis of a leaf

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24
Q

palisade mesophyll

A

(pal-uh-sayd′ mez′uh-fil) mesophyll having one or more relatively uniform rows of tightly packed, elongate, columnar parenchyma (chlorenchyma) cells beneath the upper epidermis of a leaf

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25
Q

spongy mesophyll

A

(spun′jee mez′uh-fil) mesophyll having loosely arranged cells and numerous air spaces; it is generally confined to the lower part of the interior of a leaf just above the lower epidermis

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26
Q

vein

A

(vayn) a term applied to any of the vascular bundles that form a branching network within leaves

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27
Q

bundle sheath

A

(bun′dul sheeth) the parenchyma and/or sclerenchyma cells surrounding a vascular bundle

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28
Q

epiphyte

A

An epiphyte is an organism that grows on the surface of a plant and derives its moisture and nutrients from the air, rain, water or from debris accumulating around it. The plants on which epiphytes grow are called phorophytes.

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29
Q

pitcher plants

A

Pitcher plants are several different carnivorous plants which have modified leaves known as pitfall traps—a prey-trapping mechanism featuring a deep cavity filled with digestive liquid. The traps of what are considered to be “true” pitcher plants are formed by specialized leaves

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30
Q

sundews

A

Drosera, which is commonly known as the sundews, is one of the largest genera of carnivorous plants, with at least 194 species. These members of the family Droseraceae lure, capture, and digest insects using stalked mucilaginous glands covering their leaf surfaces.

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31
Q

abscission

A

(ab-sizh′un) the separation of leaves, flowers, and fruits from plants after the formation of an abscission zone at the base of their petioles, peduncles, and pedicels

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32
Q

Young leaves are produced by leaf ______.

A

primordia

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33
Q

Most dicot leaves maximize their photosynthetic capacity by having a flattened leaf _______.

A

Blade

34
Q

Petiole

A

In botany, the petiole is the stalk that attaches the leaf blade to the stem, and is able to twist the leaf to face the sun. This gives a characteristic foliage arrangement to the plant. Outgrowths appearing on each side of the petiole in some species are called stipules.

35
Q

stipules

A

a small leaflike appendage to a leaf, typically borne in pairs at the base of the leaf stalk.

36
Q

Sessile leaves

A

sessile - a leaf whose blade is attached directly to the stem, lacking a petiole. clasping (or amplexicaul) - a sessile leaf with free bases partly or entirely surrounding the stem.

37
Q

petiole

A

the stalk that joins a leaf to a stem; leafstalk.

38
Q

The flattened portion of a leaf is called a(n)…

A

blade, lamina, or leaf blade

39
Q

All of the following that happen in the stomata on a leaf surface.

A

Carbon dioxide diffuses into the leaves where it can be taken up and used for photosynthesis.

Water vapor evaporating from the interior cell surfaces diffuses out into the atmosphere.

40
Q

The region where a leaf is attached to a stem is called a(n) ______.

A

Node

41
Q

Transpiration

A

Transpiration is the process of water movement through a plant and its evaporation from aerial parts, such as leaves, stems and flowers. Water is necessary for plants but only a small amount of water taken up by the roots is used for growth and metabolism. The remaining 97–99.5% is lost by transpiration and guttation.

42
Q

palisade mesophyll

A

packed, barrel-shaped parenchyma cells that are typically in two layers

43
Q

spongy mesophyll

A

loosely arranged parenchyma cells with lots of air space in between

44
Q

phyllotaxy

A

arrangement of leaves on a stem

45
Q

internode

A

region between leaf attachments on a stem

46
Q

mesophyll

A

the inner tissue (parenchyma) of a leaf, containing many chloroplasts.

47
Q

All that happen through stomata.

A

Water vapors exits the leaves.

Carbon dioxide enters leaves by diffusion.

48
Q

Which mesophyll layer consists of tightly packed, barrel-shaped cells?

A

Palisade mesophyll

49
Q

The mesophyll encompasses all the tissues between the lower and upper _____ of a leaf.

A

Epidermis

50
Q

All of the following that are functions that veins carry out in the leaf.

A

Transport sugars wherever they are needed

Transport water up from the roots and stems

51
Q

The tissue between the lower and upper epidermis of a leaf is called _____

A

mesophyll

52
Q

Very large leaves produced in a region of a plant that receives little sunlight are called _____ shade leaves

A
53
Q

A leaf vein is a vascular _____

A

Bundle

54
Q

Which of these are adaptations of leaves to an arid environment?

A

Succulent, water-retaining leaves

Sunken stomata

Dense, hairy coverings

55
Q

The mesophyll in the leaves of submerged aquatic plants is not organized into distinct layers, and it has larger than normal ______.

A

air spaces

56
Q

Shade leaves

A

Shade leaves generally contain a greater mass of chlorophyll and are darker green in colour. In shade leaves, the chloroplasts move within the cells to take up a position where they will absorb the maximum light without shading other chloroplasts below them.

57
Q

Sun leaves

A

Sun leaves become thicker than shade leaves because they have a thicker cuticle and longer palisade cells, and sometimes several layers of palisade cells. The larger shade leaves provide a larger area for absorbing light energy for photosynthesis in a place where light levels are low.

58
Q

There are many types of spiny structures that can grow on plants. Which one of these is a modified leaf?

A

Spine

59
Q

There are many types of spiny structures that can grow on plants. Which one of these is a modified leaf?

A

Spine

60
Q

Plants that have sunken stomata, succulent leaves, and hairy coverings are likely native to what kind of environment?

A

Arid

61
Q

Succulent leaves

A

By definition, succulent plants are drought-resistant plants in which the leaves, stem, or roots have become more than usually fleshy by the development of water-storing tissue.

62
Q

What are some characteristics of leaves on plants that live submerged in water?

A

They have significantly less xylem than phloem.

Large air spaces are found in the mesophyll.

Mesophyll is not differentiated into distinct layers.

63
Q

When Dischidia plants in Australia make their modified flower-pot leaves, what kind of creature typically takes up residence in there, bringing in soil and nitrogen-rich wastes?

A

Ants

64
Q

spines

A

modified leaves in cacti and other desert plants

65
Q

thorns

A

modified stems on many species of tree such as Acacia

66
Q

prickles

A

outgrowths of the epidermis or cortex along the stem of a rose or raspberry

67
Q

Window leaves

A

Window leaves have transparent tips that allow light to penetrate for photosynthesis. Shade leaves are large leaves that grow above photosynthetic leaves that are in direct sunlight. This reduces light intensity and prevents the photosynthetic leaves from UV radiation damage. Common in Succulent plants

68
Q

plantlets

A

: a small or young plant.

69
Q

Brightly colored leaves that surround an inconspicuous true flower are called _____

A

bracts

70
Q

Bract

A

In botany, a bract is a modified or specialized leaf, especially one associated with a reproductive structure such as a flower, inflorescence axis or cone scale. Bracts are often different from foliage leaves. They may be smaller, larger, or of a different color, shape, or texture.

71
Q

All insect-trapping plants are native to areas that are severely limited in what nutrient?

A

Nitrogen

72
Q

What pigments make a leaf turn from green to some other bright color at the end of its life cycle?

A

xanthophylls

anthocyanins

carotenes

73
Q

Insect trapping leaves

A

Flypaper traps can be active or passive and rely on sticky mucilage, either directly on the leaf surface (butterworts) or on gland-tipped hairs (sundews), to capture prey. Snap traps, such as those of the Venus flytrap (Dionaea muscipula), use rapid leaf movements to actively ensnare insects.

74
Q

Abscission

A

Abscission is the shedding of various parts of an organism, such as a plant dropping a leaf, fruit, flower, or seed. In zoology, abscission is the intentional shedding of a body part, such as the shedding of a claw, husk, or the autotomy of a tail to evade a predator.

75
Q

What are some of the ways that leaves from plants are put to use by humans?

A

Dyes

Shade from tree leaves can reduce home cooling costs

Food

Cordage

76
Q

anthocyanins

A

Anthocyanins (an-tho-SY-uh-nins) are a group of deep red, purple and blue pigments found in plants. They’re part of a larger category of plant-based chemicals called flavonoids. Flavonoids are abundant in all parts of plants: fruits, seeds, shoots, flowers and leaves.

77
Q

carotenes

A

Carotene is a fat-soluble precursor of vitamin A that exists in green and yellow vegetables.

78
Q

xanthophylls

A

Xanthophylls are yellow pigments that occur widely in nature and form one of two major divisions of the carotenoid group; the other division is formed by the carotenes. The name is from Greek xanthos and phyllon, due to their formation of the yellow band seen in early chromatography of leaf pigments.

79
Q

Desiccation

A

Desiccation is the state of extreme dryness, or the process of extreme drying.

80
Q

Which of these is true about cocaine?

A

Andean natives chew the leaves from which cocaine is extracted for their medicinal properties.

It is illegal in the United States because of its narcotic use.

It is derived from leaves of the coca plant.

Botany (7 decks)

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