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First Year ecology > Population Ecology (Week 3) > Flashcards

Population Ecology (Week 3) Flashcards

1
Q

What is the ecological fact of life formula?

A

Nnow=Nthen + B - D + I - E

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2
Q

Explain what a population Ecologist does?

A

A population Ecologist looks at species population, density, sex ratio and tries to understand processes which change these.

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3
Q

Explain what might be a problem towards the ecological fact of life formula and why?

A

Individuals as they are have varying stages of mortality, dispersal, different conditions at the same stage.

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4
Q

By definition, what is a population?

A

Interbreeding species which share similar geological areas

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5
Q

Is it true that all populations have geological limits and give an example?

A

They all have geological limits, such as population of penguins being on an subantarctic island.

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6
Q

Describe the two most important factors when considering a population?

A

Density- number of individuals per unit area.

Dispersion- pattern of spacing among individuals

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7
Q

Explain why population density is more important than population size?

A

Due to population density being number of individuals per unit area, you can get a better look at the health of the population.

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8
Q

How might you look at population size, for example of Buffalo?

A

Using Ariel surveys and counting the size of the population, this is helpful for herbivorous animals as well like kangaroos.

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9
Q

Describe 3 techniques you can use to calculate populations?

A
  1. Counting random sub-populations
  2. Looking at indicators (such as rabbits burrows, scat)
  3. Use Mark-recapture
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10
Q

What are the methods for recapture?

A

PCCMR and PCCNC
Place, check, count, mark, release.
Place, check, count, note, calculate.

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11
Q

Describe two problems with the mark-recapture methods?

A
  1. The individual may become trap shy meaning they won’t fall for the trap.
  2. Certain individuals are more likely to become trapped.
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12
Q

What are the 3 main patterns of dispersion?

A
  1. Random; No pattern (not common)
  2. Clumped; Patterns of individuals in a group (some patches but very few)
  3. Uniform; Equal amounts of space between each individual
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13
Q

Describe 3 reasons you may find a population clumped?

A

Protection against predators/ cold, socially and breeding sites.

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14
Q

Why might animals have uniform distribution?

A

Occurs from direct interaction from animals such as those who are very territorial like hippos, but you could say they’re clumped too.

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15
Q

What term describes single reproduction episode using all energy?

A

Semelparity.

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16
Q

What term describes organisms which have multiple reproductive episodes?

A

Iteroparity.

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17
Q

What is Semelparity?

A

When organisms have a single reproductive episode and use all of their energy (such as a plant).

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18
Q

What is iteroparity?

A

When organisms have multiple reproductive episodes.

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19
Q

Describe annual species with an example?

A

Species which breed within same season that die within 12 months such as corn, peas

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20
Q

Explain what life tables are and why they are useful for population ecologists?

A

Life tables can show; An estimation of a populations possible survival and deaths (grow or decline), allow comparison between populations over time and identify patterns in survivorship.

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21
Q

Which term describes potential for off-spring- reproduction?

A

Fecundity

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22
Q

What is the name of the type of ecologist in which describes how organisms change to their environment?

A

Organismal ecologist

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23
Q

When does semelparity evolve?

A

Survival rates in reproductivity are low, for example a plant in the shade.

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24
Q

When does iteroparity evolve?

A

When adult survival is good and when juvenile survival is bad.

25
Q

Explain what natural selection favours about traits?

A

Natural selection favours traits which increase survivability and reproduction.

26
Q

For example, deer, do they live longer or shorter if they reproduce?

A

Deer that do not reproduce live longer than those which do reproduce.

27
Q

Do short of long lived organisms produce more off-spring?

A

Short lived organisms produce more off-spring, long lived organisms produce less off-spring.

28
Q

Which is true, large species can reproduce a lot and have many reproductive episodes, or short lived species produce more off-spring due to fewer reproductive episodes?

A

Trickeroony matey, its both!!!!

29
Q

Calculation time, if 200 eggs are laid, 100 are crushed by a Mercedes E63 AMG, what is the mortality rate?

A

The mortality rate is 50%

30
Q

Explain what is meant by competition between species?

A

When species fight for a resource

31
Q

Explain what intraspecific competition is?

A

The competition between the same species such as two lions fighting for Meed

32
Q

What term describes the same having competition for resource?

A

Intraspecific competition

33
Q

Intraspecific competition could lead to reduction in what?

A

Survivorship, reproduction and growth

34
Q

What is competition?

A

When species actively go against each other for a resource

35
Q

Explain what exploitation is with an example?

A

Competition is passive as the species try to use up the resources for themselves such as a plant competitng for water

36
Q

What terms describes when one entity rules all?

A

Despotic

37
Q

What terms describes when individuals become despotic and stop others from using resources?

A

Interference competition

38
Q

What is the terms which describe when two or more species are rejected that of limited resources?

A

Intraspecific competition

39
Q

Take deer during winter, new born deer in a pack of 150 and 50, who will survive longer?

A

The deer which belongs to the pack of 50 as there is more chance they will not be left alone, they will get food to eat

39
Q

If flys produce eggs, will the mortality rate be higher in the eggs which the fly laid more or less?

A

The higher the amount of eggs, the higher the mortality rate.

40
Q

For fish, what does the density have to be?

A

Density of fish that are high have higher density of fish after are they swim in protection

41
Q

What does carrying capacity mean?

A

The birth rate and death rate are balanced, for example 5 babies being born and 5 dying.

42
Q

At carrying capacity, does lower densities increase births?

A

No, higher densities increase births.

43
Q

Carrying capacity is predominantly determined by Which of the following; Birth rate, mortality rate, resource limitation or population growth rate?

A

Resource limitation.

44
Q

Describe why might a population overcompensate?

A

In order to cycle the population

45
Q

Explain what population cycling is?

A

When a population will rise and fall over time

46
Q

How often can some bacteria reproduce?

A

Every 20 minutes

47
Q

What three factors can no population grow under?

A

Food, predation and disease

48
Q

Explain when rapid growth could occur within a population?

A

When there is an excess amount of resources and little to no predators such as on islands

49
Q

What is the per capitata growth rate?

A

r = b - d

50
Q

What is carrying capacity?

A

The number of plants, species which can stay within an environment without it degrading (often terrariums are good with carrying capacity, such as worlds oldest at 53 years old)

51
Q

What two things does carrying capacity depend on?

A

Size of the population within the area and the resources within the area such as food, nesting, land, shelter from predators.

52
Q

Explain why logistical growth model is flawed?

A

Because it does not include factors like disease, predation, climate and temperature

53
Q

Explain what K-selection and R-selection is?

A

K-Selection is large population density and R-selection is low population density which have potential to rapidly expand

54
Q

Describe what type of species are K-selection and what type of species are R-selection?

A

K-Selection is species which do not live long, reproduce often and have high mortality with one breeding event. R-selection are species which live long, do not reproduce often, have low tending mortality with multiple breeding events

55
Q

Explain what I mean by an animals resource?

A

Food, shelter from predators, breeding sites, land, material for nests

56
Q

Explain how limited resources may affect population growth?

A

Limited breeding sites, less off-spring/ reproduction, higher mortality, difficult survival, increased stress levels (lower production levels), accumulated waste products

57
Q

What might a unrelated impact be to density which can impact growth?

A

Climate, the tempature which can impact how often animals come out to reproduce, hibernation, prey for predation, survival of food. Freezing of land, snow, hurricanes, storms, tidal waves

58
Q

Explain how a cold winter could effect related and unrelated growth in densities of populations?

A

Animals will use more of their resources in order to stay warm (related) during the cold (unrelated)

First Year ecology (7 decks)

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