14.4 Diabetes and its control

Question 1

symptoms of Type 1 diabetes?

Answer 1

unable to produce insulin

Question 2

what happens to beta cells in Type 1 diabetes?

Answer 2

they do not produce insulin

Question 3

when does Type 1 diabetes develop?

Answer 3

normally begins in childhood

Question 4

what is the cause of Type 1 diabetes?

Answer 4

result of an autoimmune response where the body’s own immune system attacks the beta cells which stop them from secreting insulin

Question 5

symptoms of Type 2 diabetes?

Answer 5

cannot effectively use insulin and therefore cannot control blood glucose levels

or

body cells do not respond to insulin so do not take up enough glucose

Question 6

what are the human causes Type 2 diabetes?

Answer 6

excess body weight
physical inactivity
excessive overeating

Question 7

how can cells not effectively use insulin?

Answer 7

their insulin receptors are damaged which means glucose is not taken up by cells
leads to high blood glucose

Question 8

when does Type 2 diabetes develop?

Answer 8

risk increases with age

Question 9

how is Type 1 diabetes controlled?

Answer 9

regular injections of insulin

Question 10

how is the dose of insulin needed diagnosed?

Answer 10

finger prick for blood to calculate blood glucose concentration

Question 11

what happens if too much insulin is injected?

Answer 11

hypoglycaemia

Question 12

what happens if too less insulin is injected?

Answer 12

hyperglycaemia

Question 13

what are the effects of hyperglycaemia and hypoglycaemia

Answer 13

unconscious amd death

Question 14

how is Type 2 diabetes treated?

Answer 14

• dieting
• increased excercise
• weight loss
• drugs

Question 15

how do drugs treat Type 2 diabetes?

Answer 15

• drugs which stimulate insulin production
• drugs that slow the rate of absorption of glucose from intestine
• insulin injections

Question 16

adv of genetically modified bacteria for insulin?

Answer 16

• human insulij produced in pure form so less likely to cause an allergic reaction
• insulin can be produced in larger quantities
• production is cheaper
• no ethical dilemmas

Question 17

problem with pancreas transplants?

Answer 17

demand outweighs the availability of pancreases

Question 18

what drugs are needed to prevent rejection of organs?

Answer 18

immunosuppressants

Question 19

adv of stem cell therapy to treat diabetes

Answer 19

• donor availability is not an issue as there would be an unlimited supply of beta cells
• reduced likelihood of stem cell rejection
• insulin injections no longer needed

Question 20

disv of stem cell therapy to treat diabetes

Answer 20

• growth and differentiation of stem cells cannot be controlled
• ethical issues over using embryonic stem cells

Question 21

how does stem cell therapy treat diabetes?

Answer 21

stem cells differentiate into beta cells which mean that insulin can be secreted and blood glucose can be lowered