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biology module 5 > 18 Respiration > Flashcards

18 Respiration Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the 4 stages of respiration?

A

glycolysis
link reaction
krebs cycle
oxidative phosphorylation

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2
Q

where does glycolysis occur?

A

in the cytoplasm

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3
Q

where does link occur?

A

in the matrix

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4
Q

where does krebs occur?

A

in the matrix

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5
Q

where does oxidative phosphorylation occur?

A

in the inner mitochondrial membrane

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6
Q

is glycolysis anaerobic or aerobic?

A

anaerobic
it does not require oxygen

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7
Q

what is glucose turned into in glycolysis?

A

1 x hexose bisphosphate

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8
Q

what is needed for glucose to turn into hexose bisphosphate?

A

2 x ATP

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9
Q

what does hexose bisphosphate split into?

A

2 x triose phosphate

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10
Q

what is triose phosphate turned into?

A

pyruvate

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11
Q

what is needed to convert each TP to pyruvate?

A

NAD

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12
Q

what does NAD do to TP?

A

it takes a hydrogen to form reduced NAD

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13
Q

what is produced from converting both TP to pyruvate?

A

2 x pyruvate
4 x ATP
2 x reduced NAD

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14
Q

what is the net ATP production in glycolysis?

A

2 ATP

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15
Q

what are the products of glycolysis for one molecule of glucose?

A

2 x pyruvate
2 x reduced NAD
2 x ATP

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16
Q

why does glycolysis have substrate level phosphorylation?

A

ATP is produced when ADP is phosphorylated by the phosphates in TP

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17
Q

where does the reduced NAD from glycolysis go?

A

to the ETC for oxidative phosphorylation

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18
Q

where does the ATP from glycolysis go?

A

used for energy

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19
Q

where does the pyruvate from glycolysis go?

A

to the link reaction

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20
Q

how does the pyruvate get into the mitochondria matrix?

A

by active transport through carrier proteins

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21
Q

what happens to pyruvate in the link reaction?

A

converted to an acetyl group

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22
Q

how many carbons in pyruvate?

A

3

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23
Q

how many carbons in acetyl?

A

2

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24
Q

what are the byproducts of the conversion of each pyruvate to acetyl?

A

CO2
reduced NAD

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25
Q

what is the process of converting pyruvate into acetyl?

A

oxidative decarboxylation

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26
Q

what happens to the acetyl group?

A

it reacts with coA to form acetyl coA

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27
Q

how many times does the link reaction occur?

A

twice as there are two molecules of pyruvate from glycolysis

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28
Q

what are the products of the link reaction for one molecule of glucose?

A

2 x acetyl coA
2 x CO2
2 x reduced NAD

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29
Q

where does the CO2 produced by the link reaction go?

A

released as a waste product

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30
Q

where does the reduced NAD produced by the link reaction go?

A

to the ETC for oxidative phosphorylation

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31
Q

where does the acetyl coA go after links?

A

krebs cycle

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32
Q

what is the role of the coA?

A

it is a coenzyme which carries acetyl to krebs cycle

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33
Q

what are the 3 coenzymes in respiration?

A

NAD
FAD
coA

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34
Q

what happens to acetyl coA at the beginning of krebs?

A

loses it’s coA group and reacts with oxaloacetic acid to form citric acid

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35
Q

where does the coA go to?

A

back to the link reaction

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36
Q

how many carbons in citric acid?

A

6

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37
Q

what happens to citric acid?

A

undergoes decarboxylation to form a 5 carbon compound

38
Q

what is produced when each citric acid undergoes decarboxylation?

A

1 x CO2
1 x reduced NAD

39
Q

what happens to the 5 carbon compound?

A

converted to oxaloacetic acid

40
Q

how many carbons in oxaloacetic acid?

A

4

41
Q

what is produced when each 5 carbon molecule is converted to oxaloacetic acid?

A

2 x reduced NAD
1 x reduced FAD
1 x ATP
1 x CO2

42
Q

how many hydrogens does FAD carry?

A

2

43
Q

how many hydrogens does NAD carry?

A

1

44
Q

how many times does Krebs occur for one glucose molecule?

A

twice as there are two acetyl coA groups brought in

45
Q

what are the products of Krebs for one glucose?

A

4 x CO2
2 x coA
2 x ATP
6 x reduced NAD
2 x reduced FAD
2 x oxaloacetate

46
Q

what happens to the reduced NAD and reduced FAD produced in Krebs?

A

goes to the ETC for oxidative phosphorylation

47
Q

what happens to the oxaloacetate produced in Krebs?

A

reused in the next Krebs cycle

48
Q

what happens at the electron transport chain?

A

reduced NAD and reduced FAD give up their hydrogen atoms to the chain

49
Q

what do hydrogen atoms dissociate into?

A

hydrogen ions and electrons

50
Q

how many ATP molecules does reduced NAD lead to the production of?

A

3

51
Q

how many ATP molecules does reduced FAD lead to the production of?

A

2

52
Q

how do the electrons transported in the ETC generate energy?

A

by undergoing redox reactions with the electron carriers

53
Q

what is the energy generated by the electrons used for?

A

to pump H+ ions into the inter-membrane space to create an electrochemical gradient (chemiosmosis)

54
Q

what is the final electron acceptor in oxidative phosphorylation?

A

oxygen to form water

55
Q

what happens to H+ ions in oxidative phosphorylation?

A

they return to the matrix through ATP synthase

56
Q

what happens when H+ ions diffuse through ATP synthase?

A

ADP + P to form ATP

57
Q

why is oxidative phosphorylation called this?

A

because it is dependant on oxygen to be the final electron acceptor

58
Q

what is substrate level phosphorylation?

A

the transfer of a phosphate group from an intermediate in order to produce ATP

59
Q

when does substrate level phosphorylation occur in respiration?

A

in glycolysis
krebs

60
Q

what are the differences between NAD and FAD?

A

NAD in all of aerobic respiration
FAD only in krebs

NAD accepts one hydrogen
FAD accepts two

reduced NAD leads to 3 ATP molecules
reduced FAD leads to 2 ATP molecules

61
Q

how many ATP produced in glycolysis?

A

8

from 2 x reduced NAD
and 2 x ATP

62
Q

how many ATP produced in link?

A

6

from 2 x reduced NAD

63
Q

how many ATP produced in krebs?

A

24

from 6 x reduced NAD
2 x reduced FAD
2 x ATP

64
Q

how many ATP produced in aerobic respiration?

A

38

65
Q

how many times does krebs and link occur?

A

twice

66
Q

why do krebs and link occur twice?

A

two pyruvates are formed from glycolysis

67
Q

why does aerobic respiration need oxygen?

A

without oxygen, the final electron in the ETC cannot be accepted which stops the flow of electrons

this means that H+ ions cannot be pumped into the inter membrane space

this prevents chemiosmosis so ATP production stops

with the flow of electrons held up, reduced NAD and reduced FAD cannot be oxidised so cannot be regenerated

this prevents Krebs and Link from occuring

68
Q

what are the 3 types of respiring organisms?

A

obligate anaerobes
facultative anaerobes
obligate aerobes

69
Q

what is an obligate anaerobe?

A

can only do anaerobic respiration

70
Q

what is a faculatative anaerobe?

A

can do both anaerobic and aerobic respiration

71
Q

what is an obligate aerobe?

A

can only do aerobic respiration

72
Q

what is anaerobic respiration?

A

respiration without oxygen

73
Q

what still occurs in anaerobic respiration?

A

glycolysis
so it occurs in the cytoplasm

74
Q

what is fermentation?

A

when complex organic compounds are broken down into simpler molecules without oxygen

75
Q

what fermentation occurs in plant and yeast?

A

alcohol fermentation

76
Q

what fermentation occurs in animals?

A

lactate fermentation

77
Q

what happens in lactate fermentation?

A

pyruvate acts as a hydrogen acceptor and oxidises reduced NAD to form lactate

78
Q

what are the products of lactate fermentation?

A

NAD
lactate

79
Q

what enzyme catalyses lactate fermentation?

A

lactate dehydrogenase

80
Q

why can glycolysis occur under anaerobic conditions?

A

because the pyruvate has oxidised the reduced NAD to NAD which can then be reused to reduce the triose-phosphate into pyruvate

81
Q

how is lactate returned to glucose?

A

oxygen is needed to break lactate down

82
Q

what does lactic acid do?

A

reduces the pH in the body which means that many proteins will denature

83
Q

how many ATP produced in anaerobic?

A

2

84
Q

is alcohol fermentation reversible?

A

no

85
Q

what happens in alcohol fermentation?

A

pyruvate is converted to ethanal

ethanal accepts a hydrogen from reduced NAD and forms ethanol

86
Q

what is the RQ?

A

CO2 produced / O2 used

87
Q

RQ for carbs?

A

1.0

88
Q

RQ for proteins?

A

0.9

89
Q

RQ for lipids?

A

0.7

90
Q

why may mitochondria have evolved from bacteria?

A

both have a double membrane
both have DNA
both have ribosomes

biology module 5 (38 decks)

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