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Ansc 201 > Environmental Physiology and Animal Health > Flashcards

Environmental Physiology and Animal Health Flashcards

1
Q

Poikilotherms

A

cold-blooded animals

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2
Q

Homeotherms

A

warm-blooded animals

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3
Q

What is intensive management?

A

Intensive management is a style of management where the environment is highly controlled and regulated. It is good for research because it removed many variables.

ex. large swine and dairy facilities, Penn State Labs, etc.

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4
Q

What is extensive management?

A

Extensive management is a style where the producer has less control over the environment, and the animals adapt to fit the environment.

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5
Q

What is the temp. regulation equation?

A

(excess) heat produced by animal + (additional) heat absorbed by animal = heat loss

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6
Q

Conduction

A

exchange of heat between objects that are touching

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7
Q

Convection

A

transfer of heat by air movement

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8
Q

Radiation

A

exchange of heat between objects that are not touching

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9
Q

Evaporation

A

heat lost from skin and respiratory tract

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10
Q

Heat loss > heat gained =

A

hypothermia

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11
Q

Heat loss < heat gained =

A

fever

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12
Q

What is the TNZ?

A

The TNZ is the thermoneutral zone, aka the comfort zone.

It is the range of ambient temperatures in which an animal can maintain thermal balance by physical means of heat transfer, where heat production and heat loss are about the same.

Animals are most effective and produce the best when they are in their respective TNZ.

It is where the greatest difference between energy required and maintenance required is on the effective temp. chart.

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13
Q

What affects the TNZ?

A

Age and species

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14
Q

What are the LCT and UCT

A

Lower critical temp. and upper critical temp.

These two shift together and represent where heat or cold stress occurs.

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15
Q

How do animals adapt to temps less than their TNZ (cold stress)?

A
  1. animals increase food intake, and the hormone thyroxin (targets regular body tissues), produced by the thyroid gland, increases the metabolic rate
  2. reduce blood flow to extremities
  3. shiver hunch
  4. huddle together
  5. increase body insulation (fat, hair, etc.)
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16
Q

What ways are their to help control cold stress?

A

Provide windbreaks for animals (natural ones include trees and shrubs, some man made ones include fences, wooden partitions, etc.)

Ensure the animal stays dry.

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17
Q

How do animals adapt to temps higher than their TNZ (heat stress)?

A
  1. water consumption increases
  2. respiration increases
  3. perspiration increases
  4. blood vessels dilate
  5. animal increases their surface area
  6. decrease body insulation
  7. less activity
  8. lower feed intake
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18
Q

What ways are there to help control heat stress?

A

Shade
Evaporative cooling (ex. sprinkler and fan, and example of convection and evaporation)
Refrigerative cooling (AC)
Ensure available of clean water

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19
Q

What are some other ways to help reduce animal stress due to the environment?

A
  1. effective ambient temp. (temp. adjusted for wind, precipitation, dampness, etc.)
  2. ration adjustments
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20
Q

What ration adjustments are made for cold stress?

A

Decrease the protein percent in the feed due to the animal’s higher intake of food.

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21
Q

What ration adjustments are made for heat stress?

A

Increase the density of protein percent in the feed ration and increase electrolytic minerals (like sodium and potassium).

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22
Q

What factors affect the critical temperatures (LCT and UCT)?

A

hair, coat, fat reserves, age, weight

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23
Q

Describe other stresses that affect animals.

A

Hypoxia (insufficient oxygen supply, can lead to hypertension and Brisket Disease in cattle)

noise

introduction of new animals

overcrowding

presence of predators

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24
Q

What is Brisket disease?

A

A disease in cattle resulting from hypoxia, which causes hypertension. Fluid builds up in the brisket, which is located near the heart and lungs.

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25
Q

Define disease

A

any deviation from a normal state of health

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26
Q

Define contagious disease

A

infectious disease; a disease that is transmitted from one animal to another

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27
Q

Define mortality

A

measurement of deaths

28
Q

Define morbitity

A

measurement of illness

29
Q

Define toxin

A

harmful chemicals produced by animal cells or microorganisms

30
Q

Define poison

A

chemicals harmful to animals whose source is a plant or a manufactured material (ex. lead, nitrates, etc.)

31
Q

What are some types of infection agents?

A

Viruses, bacteria, protozoa, fungi, parasites

32
Q

Describe viruses

A

Viruses lack a cytoplasm
They can be host and tissue specific

Some viruses have specific vectors that spread it (mosquitos, ticks), while others can be acquired through direct/indirect contact (feed, water, etc.)

33
Q

What is the life cycle of a virus?

A
  1. Virus infects host cell and attacks the nucleus
  2. Virus uses host cell’s metabolic system to replicate
  3. Host cell degenerates, then bursts to release replicated virus
  4. The replicated virus infects new host cells
34
Q

What are some control methods for viruses?

A

isolation, strict sanitation, elimination of vectors, vaccines

35
Q

Describe bacteria

A

Bacteria a singe celled organisms that vary in size, shape, pathogenicity, and host specificity.

Some morphologies (shapes) include rods, spirilla, cocci, etc.

Bacteria damage host cells by producing toxins.

Some examples include Salmonella, brucellosis, etc.

Some methods of bacterial control are antibiotics, vaccines, and culling

36
Q

Describe protozoa

A

Protozoa are single celled organisms that are larger than bacteria.

They are very host specific, and damage the digestive tract lining, hindering digestion and absorption. This can cause diarrhea and possibly death.

An example is Coccidia, which commonly infects birds and cattle.

Some methods of prevention include adding coccidiostats in feed, or treating with anticoccidial drugs in water.

37
Q

Describe fungi

A

Fungi are single celled plants with low order of development

An example of a fungal condition is ringworm

Molds are also a type of fungi. They can produce mcyotoxins, which can have many detrimental effects.

Fungus is difficult to treat.

38
Q

What are roundworms?

A

Roundworms are an internal parasite.

Life cycle:
Produce and release eggs in feces
Eggs develop into larvae
Larvae burrow into intestinal wall

Roundworms can create nutritional deficiencies and may even block intenstines

39
Q

What are tapeworms?

A

Tapeworms are an internal parasite. They are flat, segmented worms with indirect life cycles (part of their life cycle is spent in secondary hosts like arthropods, insects, slugs, etc.)

Their mechanism:
1. Head embeds in intestinal lining
2. segments grow from head and neck with both male and female gonads
3. eggs develop in segments
4. segments detach from body
5. segments and eggs spread in feces

Tapeworms are usually harder to control than roundworms

The appearance of tapeworms in feces does not mean that the tapeworm problem is over because the head or neck may still be imbedded

40
Q

Lice and mites

A

lice bite into the skin and suck blood; may cause anemia

mites burrow into hair follicles or skin

41
Q

Heel flies

A

Lay eggs on legs of cattle, where the larvae penetrate the skin and migrate through the body’s connective tissues. 5-6 months later, the larvae appear as grub on the back of the cattle.

These flies in particular can cause a loss in value of the cattle hide.

42
Q

Face flies

A

cause pinkeye

43
Q

Horn and stable flies

A

suck blood

44
Q

What is the main concern with flies regarding cattle?

A

They can affect leather quality because the grubs destroy connective tissue and skin

45
Q

Fleas and ticks

A

often spread diseases through contact, and are controlled by chemical treatments

46
Q

What are some ways to prevent diseases?

A
  1. Veterinary planning
  2. Sanitation
  3. Nutrition
  4. Records analysis
  5. Proper identification
  6. Proper facilities
  7. Monitoring sources and identification of livestock
  8. Using pharmaceuticals and biologics
47
Q

What are antiseptics and disinfectants?

A

Antiseptics are applied topically to animals while disinfectants are applied to facilities themselves. Disinfectants are the stronger type of sanitation.

48
Q

What are some ways to monitor livestock and ensure their health?

A
  1. purchase animals from others with effective herd health treatment programs
  2. control exposure of animals to other people and vehicles
  3. provide clothing, boots, and disinfectants to people who must be exposed to the animals or facilities; implement practices like shower in/shower out
  4. isolate animals to be introduced into their herd
  5. control insect, bird, rodent, and other populations that carry diseases
  6. keep animals out of drainage areas and water sources
49
Q

What is biosecurity?

A

preventing introduction of disease agents to animals

50
Q

What are pharmeceuticals?

A

medications used to treat disease

51
Q

What are biologics?

A

Treatments used to prevent disease (like vaccines)

52
Q

What is immunity?

A

a state of resistance to a disease causing organism

53
Q

What is active immunity?

A

immunity acquired by production of antibodies by natural exposure or recovery from a pathogen; can also be acquired by a vaccination

54
Q

What is passive immunity?

A

immunity acquired by introduction of antibodies through natural means, like from mother to offspring, or by drinking colostrum

55
Q

What are some methods of administration for biologics and pharmaceuticals?

A
  1. topically: applied to the skin
  2. orally: through the mouth by feeding, drinking, drenching, or using a balling (pill) gun
  3. Injection
    SQ - under the skin
    IM - into the muscle
    Intramammary
  4. Nasally
56
Q

What are anthelmentics?

A

Drugs used to kill internal parasites like worms

57
Q

What are some other causes of health problems in animals?

A
  1. Predators
  2. Injuries (lacerations, frostbite, teat injuries, lameness, etc.)
  3. Nutritional Deficiencies (caused by low levels or nutrients in diet, impaired digestion or absorption, or the body fails to make a nutrient it normally synthesizes; there are many vitamin or mineral deficiencies)
  4. Metabolic Disorders (usually involves blockages/alterations of metabolic pathways; ex: hypocalcemia, ketosis, etc.)
  5. Toxicities (depends on toxin’s effects, amount consumed, and tolerance levels)
58
Q

What are some visual observations that can be used to detect sick animals?

A
  1. Loss of appetite
  2. Animal is depressed
  3. Ears drop
  4. Hump in back
  5. Head in lower position
  6. Separation from the herd
  7. Coughing, wheezing, or difficulty breathing
59
Q

What are some vital signs used to detect sick animals?

A
  1. body temperature
  2. respiration rate
  3. heart rate
60
Q

What are zoonoses?

A

Zoonoses are diseases that can be passed between animals and humans

ex. brucellosis (undulant fever in humans), rabies, salmonellosis, leptospirosis, toxoplasmosis

61
Q

What is stress?

A

Stress is an any environmental factor that may cause a great change in an animal’s physiological processes.

62
Q

What are some physical sources of stress?

A

temperature
wind velocity
mud
snow
dust
fatigue

63
Q

What does prolonged stress lead to?

A

reduced resistance to disease

64
Q

What is the main purpose of ventilation systems?

A

to decrease high humidity in facilities and also to decrease ammonia levels (high ammonia leads to watery eyes and respiratory problems)

65
Q

What does the quantity of air movement depend on for animals with regards to ventilation?

A
  1. number and size of animals
  2. humidity of outside air
  3. temperature of outside air
    (at higher air temps, air holds more water; cooler air enters, heats up and adds moisture, and is expelled)
66
Q

Why is humidity a problem?

A

Moisture condenses on walls of facilities, and the dampness can result in animal colds or other respiratory ailments.

When the body coats get cold, animals get chilled with drafts due to increases in LCT’s

Most animals have low LCT’s and can stand cold temperatures unless they are in drafts or get wet

67
Q

What are some ventilation needs?

A
  1. sufficient air movement capacity
  2. proper distribution of outside air
  3. ability to adjust systems based on outside temperature and humidity

Ansc 201 (14 decks)

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