Haematological Cancers Flashcards
what is lymphoma
cancer that develops from the lymphocytes (the white blood cells that are part of the immune system and help fight infection)
how do patients with lymphoma present
lymphadenopathy
Splenomegaly
Extranodal disease
B symptoms:
- night sweats
- weight loss
- unexplained fever
Anaemia of several causes:
- bone marrow infiltration
- splenomegaly
- anaemia of chronic disease
stage 1 of the Ann-arbor classification system
single lymph group effected
stage 2 of the Ann-arbor classification system
more than one lymph node group SAME side of the diaphragm
stage 3 of the Ann-arbor classification system
lymph node groups BOTH sides of the diaphragm including the spleen
stage 4 of the Ann-arbor classification system
extra nodal involvement e.g. liver and bone marrow
RCHOP chemo for non hodgkins
R = RITUXIMAB
C = CYCLOPHOSHAMIDE
H = ADRIAMYCIN
O = VINCRISTINE
P = PREDNISOLONE
ABVD chemo for non hodgkins
A = ADRIAMYCIN
B = BLEOMYCIN
V = VINBLASTINE
D = DACARBAZINE
Myeloma presentation
non-specific symptoms
- backache or rib pain
- fatigue
- symptoms from hypercalcaemia
- recurrent infection
- renal impairment
what is paraprotein in myeloma patients
the abnormal plasma cells produce an abnormal monoclonal protein called a paraprotein or M protein
classic triad of myeloma
- increased plasma cells in bone marrow
- clonal immunoglobulin or paraprotein
- lytic bone lesions
what can be found on scans in myeloma
lytic bone lesions
CRAB criteria for evidence of end-organ damage attributable to the plasma cell proliferation
hyperCalcaemia
Renal insufficiency
Anaemia
Bone lesions (more than one lytic bone lesion on skeletal X-ray)
chronic leukemias symptoms
come from the accumulation of cells
symptoms of acute leukemias
come from marrow failure
