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Ultrasonography > Part III > Flashcards

Part III Flashcards

1
Q

Multiplanar imaging
Surface rendering

A

3D Ultrasound

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2
Q

Employed in diagnosis for ex. Examinations of blood flow and fetal heart rate

A

Continuous Wave

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3
Q

Type of UTZ employed best in operational modes

A

Pulsed Wave

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4
Q

Type of UTZ employed that measure high ratio accurately
-no depth resolution

A

Continuous Wave

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5
Q

Type of UTZ employed that is transmitted in pulses
-good depth resolution
transmit time - cycle (on)
receive time - listening/dead time (off)

A

Pulsed Wave

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6
Q

No. Of separate packets of sound that are sent out every second
Units - Hertz, Hz, per sec

A

Pulse Repetition Frequency

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7
Q

Pulse duration plus listening time

A

Pulse Repetition Period

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8
Q

Period no of cycles

A

Pulse Duration

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9
Q

Percentage of time that the transducer is emitting soundwaves

A

Duty Factor

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10
Q

Structure in an image that does not directly correlate with the actual tissue being scanned

A

Ultrasound Artifacts

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11
Q

Occurs when an UTS beam encounters two strong parallel reflections

A

Reverberation Artifact

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12
Q

False echoes due to repeated reflections between two interfaces with high acoustic impedance mismatch

A

Spurious

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13
Q

Caused by the sound bouncing back and forth and then returning back to the receiver

A

Reverberation

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14
Q

Two subtypes of reverberation

A

Comet-tail artifact
Ring down artifact

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15
Q

Short-train of reverberations from an echogenic focus that has strong parallel reflections within it

A

Comet-tail artifact

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16
Q

A type of continuous sound wave returning to the transducer often caused by fluid trapped between gas bubbles

A

Ring down artifact

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17
Q

Appears as an area of low amplitude echoes (hypo or ana)
Behind a strongly attenuated tissue
-characterized by a signal void behind structures that strongly absorb or reflect ultrasonic waves

A

Acoustic Shadowing

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18
Q

Artifact useful in finding all types of calcifications

A

Acoustic shadowing

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19
Q

Aries from behind low attenuated object of interest provides increased echo
-appears as localized area of increased Cho amplitude behind an area of low attenuation

A

Acoustic Enhancement / Posterior Enhancement

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20
Q

Occurring at edges of rounded structures

A

Edge shadowing

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21
Q

Occurs when a reflective object located beyond the widened UTS beam, after the focal zone, create false detectable echoes that are displayed as overlapping the structure of intensity

A

Ultrasound beam width artifact

22
Q

Avoid UTS beam width artifact by:

A

Adjust focal zone to the depth level interest
-by placing the transducer at the center of the object being studied

23
Q

Occur due to the thickness of the beam and are similar to beam width artifact

A

Slice Thickness Artifact (Partial Volume Effect)

24
Q

The energy within the UTS beam exists as several side lobes radiating at a no of angles from a central lobe
-arises from a strong reflection that is outside of the central beam and where the echoes are displayed as if they originated from with the central beam

A

Side Lobe Artifact

25
Q

Result in a mirror image of a structure occurring in a UTS display
-arise due to specular reflections of the beam at a large smooth interface

A

Mirror Image Artifact

26
Q

UTS Interactions

A

Scattering
Absorption
Defraction
Refraction
Reflection
Transmission

27
Q

[UTS Interaction] soundwaves travel in all directions

A

Scattering

28
Q

[UTS Interaction] happens when soundwaves pass through a tissue and the beam gradually decreases

A

Absorption

29
Q

How to determine the strength of echo/intensity of UTS wave

A

HIGH AMPLITUDE, STRONGER ECHO, HIGH INTENSITY OF UTS

30
Q

Where beam diverged or scattered but not in all directions

A

Defraction

31
Q

Where we come to one of those boundaries between 2 different tissues and energy gets bent usually caused by change in speed

A

Refraction

32
Q

Where its shows coming in and reflecting off of a flat surface that it would come in at an angle and goes off at the same angle

A

Reflection

33
Q

Sound waves goes through the tissue

A

Transmission

34
Q

UTS FACTORING

A

Gain
Time Gain Compensation
Mode Display
Depth
Resolution Expansion Selection (RES)

35
Q

[UTS Factoring] Too low/too much may display false echoes
-darken image to emphasize bone
-intensity of returning echoes is amplified to produce a clearer image

A

Gain

36
Q

Too much gain can cause [..]

A

Cystic structure look solid instead of fluid filled

37
Q

If TGC is not present [..]

A

Tissue attenuation causes gradual loss of display deeper of tissues

38
Q

Compensate for different values of echoes
Applies amplification or gain to compensate for the attenuation

A

TGC

39
Q

[TGC Curve] to suppress or increase echoes in the near field

A

Near Gain

40
Q

[TGC Curve] to suppress or increase echoes in the far filed

A

Far Gain

41
Q

[TGC Curve] controls inward incline of the TGC
-used to display an even texture throughout the organ or structure under study

A

Slope

42
Q

[TGC Curve] control used to delay the start of the slope

A

Delay

43
Q

[TGC Curve] controls the point where the slope ends

A

Knee

44
Q

Controls the deep portions of the FOV of the UTS image

A

Depth

45
Q

If depth is too deep [..]

A

Minify the image

46
Q

If depth is too superficial [..]

A

Magnify the image

47
Q

Magnifies the part of the image
Zoom box
-particularly useful to display and measure small structures

A

Depth

48
Q

Image Storages

A

Photographic Paper
Thermal Paper
Video Tape Recorder
VCD/DVD
Flash Drive
Digital Recording System or PACS

49
Q

Simple emulsion film (1990s)
First image/storage recorder used

A

Photographic Paper

50
Q

[thermal paper] cheapest, image disappears in 1 month

A

Type I

51
Q

[thermal paper] expensive, better, glossy

A

Thermal Paper

Ultrasonography (10 decks)

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