Glycolysis Flashcards
1
Q
- What are normal blood glucose levels?
A
- 90-108 mg/dL
2
Q
- What is hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia and what are the levels for hyperglycemia?
A
- Hyperglycemia = elevated glucose, hypoglycemia = low glucose, <45 mg/dL
3
Q
- Protein glucose transporters have _____ locations, thus there are _____
A
- Tissue specific, 5 transporter isoforms
4
Q
- Insulin stimulates _____ from blood to cell via _____ in muscle, heart, adipose tissue
A
- Uptake of glucose, GLUT-4
5
Q
- Cells contain glucose, where does this originate from?
A
- From the diet or noncarbohydrate sources
6
Q
- Glucose can yield energy through _____
A
- Glycolysis
7
Q
- Glycolysis breaks down glucose to what?
A
- Pyruvate
8
Q
- What is the most common metabolic pathway that operates in all cells?
A
- Glycolysis
9
Q
- What is a major energy source in glycolysis? What is the sole energy source?
A
- Intensely contracting skeletal muscle / erythrocytes
10
Q
- What type of process is glycolysis?
A
- Anaerobic
11
Q
- How many reactions are taking place in the cytosol and what are they catalyzed by?
A
- 10, catalyzed by different enzymes
12
Q
- Glucose is phosphorylated __ times at ___ and ___ reactions resulting in ___
- What does this cost?
- What happens at step 2?
A
- 2, first and third, six carbons with 2 phosphoryl groups
- 2 ATP
- With an isomerization at step 2
13
Q
- What happens in the fourth reaction?
- What molecules does it split into?
A
- Compound is split into 2, 3 carbon molecules
- Dihydroxyacetone phosphate and glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate
14
Q
- Dihydroxyacetone phosphate is converted to _____
A
- glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate
15
Q
- Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate accepts a second _____ from __ while being oxidized
- ____ reduced to ____
A
- Phosphoryl group, Pi
- NAD+ to NADH
16
Q
- 1,3 biphosphoglycerate donates its phosphoric groups to two ADP in which 2 steps?
A
- 6th reaction, 10th reaction
17
Q
- What happens in step 1?
- What is glucose converted to?
A
- Phosphorylation of glucose
- Glucose-6-phosphate
18
Q
- What is step one catalyzed by?
A
- hexokinase
19
Q
- What is step one priming glucose for?
A
- For subsequent reactions
20
Q
- Is step one a reversible reaction?
A
- Irreversible
21
Q
- Step one is known as the control point _____
A
- Of glycolysis
22
Q
- Step two is the conversation of glucose-6-phosphate to _____
- This is an aldose to _____
A
- Fructose-6-phosphate
- Ketose
23
Q
- What is step two catalyzed by?
A
- Phosphoglucomutase
24
Q
- What is step 2 priming glucose for?
A
- For subsequent reactions
25
Q
- Is step two a reversible reaction?
A
- Reversible
26
Q
- In step 3 it is the phosphorylation of fructose-6-phosphate to ____
- What priming reaction is this?
A
- Fructose-1,6-diphosphate (biphosphate)
- 2nd priming reaction
27
Q
- What is step 3 catalyzed by?
A
- Phosphofructokinase (PFK-1)