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#6 Flashcards

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1
Q

What does pyruvate produce in aerobic glycolysis?

A

Acetyl CoA

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2
Q

What can pyruvate produce more of than glycolysis can?

A

ATP

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3
Q

Pyruvate passes from the cytosol to ____

A

Mitochondria

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4
Q

What is the location where most of the biological oxidations and ATP resynthesis occur?

A

Mitochondria

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5
Q

What are mitochondria wrapped in?

A

A double membrane

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6
Q

In the outer membrane what do pores let pass freely?

A

most metabolites

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7
Q

Inner membrane: the permeability barrier separating ____ (___) from the ____

A

mitochondrial matrix (interior of mitochondria) from the cytosol

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8
Q

What does the inner membrane contain and what does this do?

A

Cristae, increases surface area

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9
Q

What 2 things take place in the inner mitochondrial membrane?

A

electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation

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10
Q

What is the mitochondrial outer membrane permeable to? What is an example?

A

low molecular weight substances, such as pyruvate

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11
Q

Transport protein is ____

A

unnecessary

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12
Q

How does pyruvate gain entry into the mitochondrial matrix? Where is this located?

A

Via a monocarboxylate transport protein. Located in the inner membrane

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13
Q

The sequence of events of pyruvate oxidation is then catalyzed by the enzyme complex ____

A

pyruvate dehydrogenase

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14
Q

In the mitochondrial matrix, pyruvate reacts with ____ to yield ____

A

coenzyme A (CoA), acetyl coenzyme A

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15
Q

What 6 things does CoA contain?

A

adenine, ribose, phosphoryl groups, a vitamin (panthothenate), 2-mercapthothylamine, and a sulfydrl group

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16
Q

During a reaction catalyzed by pyruvate dehydrogenase enzyme complex, pyruvate is ____ while being oxidized by ____ with the acetyl group remaining
What type of reaction is this?
Is Delta G negative or positive?

A

decarboxylated, NAD+
irreversible
very negative delta G

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17
Q

What is the entry substance into the citric acid cycle/ krebs cycle?

A

Acetyl-CoA

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18
Q

Although acetyl CoA is from pyruvate when discussing aerobic glycolysis, it may also be formed from ____ and ____

A

fatty acids and certain amino acids

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19
Q

In step one, Under the influence of the enzyme ____ acetyl CoA and ____ condense to form ____

A

citrate synthetase, oxyloacetate, citrate

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20
Q

How many steps are in the Krebs cycle?

A

8, could be considered 9

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21
Q

Step one is the formation of ____

A

citrate

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22
Q

What is the first reaction synthesized by?

A

citrate synthase

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23
Q

What is step 2 catalyzed by?

A

aconitase

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24
Q

In step 2 it is a formation of an intermediate (____) which leads to ____ formation

A

cis-aconitate, isocitrate

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25
Step 3 is the oxidation of ____ to ____ and ____
Isocitrate, alpha ketoglutarate, CO2
26
What is step 3 catalyzed by?
isocitrate dehydrogenase
27
step 3 is oxidative decarboxylation of ____
isocitrate
28
1. Step 3 is actually 2 forms of ____ 2. One requiring ____ and one requiring ____ as an electron acceptor 3. In mito matrix functioning to form ____ in krebs cycle 4. In mito matrix and cytosol to form ____ (____)
1. isocitrate dehydrogenase 2. NAD+, NADP+ 3. alpha ketoglutarate 4. NADPH (reductive anabolism)
29
Step 4 is the oxidation of ____ to ____ and ____
alpha ketoglutarate to succinyl CoA and CO2
30
Step 4 is catalyzed by ____
alpha ketogluterate dehydro-genase complex
31
Step 4 is another oxidative ____
decarboxylation
32
Step 4 reaction is almost identical to ____ reaction
pyruvate dehydro-genase
33
Step 5 is the conversion of ____ to ____
Succinyl-CoA to succinate
34
What is step 5 catalyzed by?
succinyl-CoA synthetase (also called succinic thiokinase)
35
Step 5 is ____ phosphorylation
phosphate level
36
What is formed in step 5?
GTP
37
GTP formed in step 5 may donate its terminal ____ to ____ to form ____ (nucleoside diphosphate kinase)
phosphate group, ADP, ATP
38
step 6 is the oxidation of ____ to ____
succinate, fumerate
39
step 6 is catalyzed by ____
succinate dehydrogenase
40
in step 6 where are the enzymes tightly bound?
to the inner mito membrane
41
in step 6 electrons pass from ____ to ____
succinate to FAD
42
step 7 is hydration of ____ to produce ____
fumerate, malate
43
step 7 is catalyzed by ____
fumerase
44
is step 7 reversible or irreversible?
reversible
45
step 8 is the oxidation of ____ to ____
malate to oxaloacetate
46
step 8 is catalyzed by ____
malate dehydrogenase
47
step 8: reaction linked to ____ with ____ formed
NAD, NADH
48
the ____ and ____ produced in the mitochondria during pyruvate oxidation and Krebs Cycle can be oxidized to ____ and ____
NADH, FADH2, NAD+, FAD
49
In the ETC electrons (along with hydrogens) and transferred to ____
oxygen
50
What type of reactions occur in the ETC?
oxidation-reduction reactions
51
In the ETC how are electrons transferred?
through an intricate system
52
What does the intricate system that electrons are transferred through consist of?
3 large protein complexes (technically 4): NADH-Q oxidoreductase Q-cytochrome c oxidoreductase Cytochrome c oxidase 2 mobile carriers: Ubiquinone (or coenzyme Q, or Q) Cytochrome c
53
What is another name for the electron transport chain?
respiratory chain
54
Final destination of the electrons is ____ that is carried to the cells by ____
respiratory oxygen, blood
55
Where are components of the ETC located?
in the inner mitochondrial membrane
56
What do many of the components of the ETC contain?
heme
57
What type of capacity do the components of the ETC have?
oxygen handling capacity
58
A pair of electrons from NADH is transferred initially to ____
NADH-Q oxidoreductase
59
A Pair of electrons from FADH2 is transferred initially to ____
ubiquinone
60
the electrons then "leap" from component of the chain to another until they reach ____
O2
61
What are the 3 net changes of the ETC?
oxidation of NADH to FADH2 Reduction of O2 to two H2O by the addition of four H+ two electron pairs
62
What 2 things do cells gain from the ETC?
They regenerate NAD+ and FAD They produce high amounts of energy (extremely negative ΔG°’ values
63
What is part of the energy from the ETC used to regenerate?
ATP in oxidative phosphorylation
64
Through the ETC cells also regenerate the ____ that is reduced to ____ in glycolysis
cytosolic NAD+, NADH
65
Can NADH cross the inner mitochondria membrane?
no
66
What is used to move NADH across the inner mitochondrial membrane?
molecular shuttle system
67
Compounds in ____ accept electron pair from ___ (converting it to ____)
cytosol, NADH, NAD+
68
Compounds travel to ____
mitochondria
69
There is a transfer of the electron pair to either ____ or ____ (converting them to ____ and ____ respectively)
NAD+ or FAD, NADH and FADH2
70
What are 2 shuttle systems?
malate-aspartate shuttle system and glycerol phosphate shuttle
71
Where is the malate-aspartate the main system?
the heart
72
The malate-aspartate shuttle transfers electron pair to ____ forming ____
NAD+, NADH
73
Where is the glycerol-phosphate shuttle the main system?
skeletal muscle
74
the glycerol-phosphate shuttle transfers electron pair to ____ forming ____
FAD, FADH2
75
In the intracellular lactate shuttle mitochondrial LDH in many cell types (including ____)
skeletal muscle
76
In the intracellular lactate shuttle lactate transported into ____ via ___
mito via MCT
77
In oxidative phosphorylation energy released from ____ is channeled toward ____
ETC, ATP synthesis
78
In oxidative phosphorylation it is an aerobic process that depends on ____
oxygen utilization
79
What enzyme is used in oxidative phosphorylation?
ATP synthase
80
What is chemiosmotic hypotesis?
The link between the ETC and oxidative phosphorylation is protons that are expelled from the mitochondrion as the ETC operates, only to return through ATP synthase
81
With ____ as an electron donor, mitochondria synthesize nearly ___ ATP per pair of electrons passed to ____
NADH, 3, O2
82
With ____ nearly ____ ATP are synthesized per pair of electrons passed to ____
succinate (FADH2), 2, O2

Metabolism (6 decks)

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