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Metabolism > #6 > Flashcards

#6 Flashcards

1
Q

What does pyruvate produce in aerobic glycolysis?

A

Acetyl CoA

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2
Q

What can pyruvate produce more of than glycolysis can?

A

ATP

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3
Q

Pyruvate passes from the cytosol to ____

A

Mitochondria

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4
Q

What is the location where most of the biological oxidations and ATP resynthesis occur?

A

Mitochondria

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5
Q

What are mitochondria wrapped in?

A

A double membrane

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6
Q

In the outer membrane what do pores let pass freely?

A

most metabolites

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7
Q

Inner membrane: the permeability barrier separating ____ (___) from the ____

A

mitochondrial matrix (interior of mitochondria) from the cytosol

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8
Q

What does the inner membrane contain and what does this do?

A

Cristae, increases surface area

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9
Q

What 2 things take place in the inner mitochondrial membrane?

A

electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation

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10
Q

What is the mitochondrial outer membrane permeable to? What is an example?

A

low molecular weight substances, such as pyruvate

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11
Q

Transport protein is ____

A

unnecessary

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12
Q

How does pyruvate gain entry into the mitochondrial matrix? Where is this located?

A

Via a monocarboxylate transport protein. Located in the inner membrane

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13
Q

The sequence of events of pyruvate oxidation is then catalyzed by the enzyme complex ____

A

pyruvate dehydrogenase

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14
Q

In the mitochondrial matrix, pyruvate reacts with ____ to yield ____

A

coenzyme A (CoA), acetyl coenzyme A

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15
Q

What 6 things does CoA contain?

A

adenine, ribose, phosphoryl groups, a vitamin (panthothenate), 2-mercapthothylamine, and a sulfydrl group

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16
Q

During a reaction catalyzed by pyruvate dehydrogenase enzyme complex, pyruvate is ____ while being oxidized by ____ with the acetyl group remaining
What type of reaction is this?
Is Delta G negative or positive?

A

decarboxylated, NAD+
irreversible
very negative delta G

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17
Q

What is the entry substance into the citric acid cycle/ krebs cycle?

A

Acetyl-CoA

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18
Q

Although acetyl CoA is from pyruvate when discussing aerobic glycolysis, it may also be formed from ____ and ____

A

fatty acids and certain amino acids

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19
Q

In step one, Under the influence of the enzyme ____ acetyl CoA and ____ condense to form ____

A

citrate synthetase, oxyloacetate, citrate

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20
Q

How many steps are in the Krebs cycle?

A

8, could be considered 9

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21
Q

Step one is the formation of ____

A

citrate

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22
Q

What is the first reaction synthesized by?

A

citrate synthase

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23
Q

What is step 2 catalyzed by?

A

aconitase

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24
Q

In step 2 it is a formation of an intermediate (____) which leads to ____ formation

A

cis-aconitate, isocitrate

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25
Q

Step 3 is the oxidation of ____ to ____ and ____

A

Isocitrate, alpha ketoglutarate, CO2

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26
Q

What is step 3 catalyzed by?

A

isocitrate dehydrogenase

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27
Q

step 3 is oxidative decarboxylation of ____

A

isocitrate

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28
Q
  1. Step 3 is actually 2 forms of ____
  2. One requiring ____ and one requiring ____ as an electron acceptor
  3. In mito matrix functioning to form ____ in krebs cycle
  4. In mito matrix and cytosol to form ____ (____)
A
  1. isocitrate dehydrogenase
  2. NAD+, NADP+
  3. alpha ketoglutarate
  4. NADPH (reductive anabolism)
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29
Q

Step 4 is the oxidation of ____ to ____ and ____

A

alpha ketoglutarate to succinyl CoA and CO2

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30
Q

Step 4 is catalyzed by ____

A

alpha ketogluterate dehydro-genase complex

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31
Q

Step 4 is another oxidative ____

A

decarboxylation

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32
Q

Step 4 reaction is almost identical to ____ reaction

A

pyruvate dehydro-genase

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33
Q

Step 5 is the conversion of ____ to ____

A

Succinyl-CoA to succinate

34
Q

What is step 5 catalyzed by?

A

succinyl-CoA synthetase (also called succinic thiokinase)

35
Q

Step 5 is ____ phosphorylation

A

phosphate level

36
Q

What is formed in step 5?

A

GTP

37
Q

GTP formed in step 5 may donate its terminal ____ to ____ to form ____ (nucleoside diphosphate kinase)

A

phosphate group, ADP, ATP

38
Q

step 6 is the oxidation of ____ to ____

A

succinate, fumerate

39
Q

step 6 is catalyzed by ____

A

succinate dehydrogenase

40
Q

in step 6 where are the enzymes tightly bound?

A

to the inner mito membrane

41
Q

in step 6 electrons pass from ____ to ____

A

succinate to FAD

42
Q

step 7 is hydration of ____ to produce ____

A

fumerate, malate

43
Q

step 7 is catalyzed by ____

A

fumerase

44
Q

is step 7 reversible or irreversible?

A

reversible

45
Q

step 8 is the oxidation of ____ to ____

A

malate to oxaloacetate

46
Q

step 8 is catalyzed by ____

A

malate dehydrogenase

47
Q

step 8: reaction linked to ____ with ____ formed

A

NAD, NADH

48
Q

the ____ and ____ produced in the mitochondria during pyruvate oxidation and Krebs Cycle can be oxidized to ____ and ____

A

NADH, FADH2, NAD+, FAD

49
Q

In the ETC electrons (along with hydrogens) and transferred to ____

A

oxygen

50
Q

What type of reactions occur in the ETC?

A

oxidation-reduction reactions

51
Q

In the ETC how are electrons transferred?

A

through an intricate system

52
Q

What does the intricate system that electrons are transferred through consist of?

A

3 large protein complexes (technically 4):
NADH-Q oxidoreductase
Q-cytochrome c oxidoreductase
Cytochrome c oxidase
2 mobile carriers:
Ubiquinone (or coenzyme Q, or Q)
Cytochrome c

53
Q

What is another name for the electron transport chain?

A

respiratory chain

54
Q

Final destination of the electrons is ____ that is carried to the cells by ____

A

respiratory oxygen, blood

55
Q

Where are components of the ETC located?

A

in the inner mitochondrial membrane

56
Q

What do many of the components of the ETC contain?

A

heme

57
Q

What type of capacity do the components of the ETC have?

A

oxygen handling capacity

58
Q

A pair of electrons from NADH is transferred initially to ____

A

NADH-Q oxidoreductase

59
Q

A Pair of electrons from FADH2 is transferred initially to ____

A

ubiquinone

60
Q

the electrons then “leap” from component of the chain to another until they reach ____

A

O2

61
Q

What are the 3 net changes of the ETC?

A

oxidation of NADH to FADH2
Reduction of O2 to two H2O by the addition of four H+
two electron pairs

62
Q

What 2 things do cells gain from the ETC?

A

They regenerate NAD+ and FAD
They produce high amounts of energy (extremely
negative ΔG°’ values

63
Q

What is part of the energy from the ETC used to regenerate?

A

ATP in oxidative phosphorylation

64
Q

Through the ETC cells also regenerate the ____ that is reduced to ____ in glycolysis

A

cytosolic NAD+, NADH

65
Q

Can NADH cross the inner mitochondria membrane?

A

no

66
Q

What is used to move NADH across the inner mitochondrial membrane?

A

molecular shuttle system

67
Q

Compounds in ____ accept electron pair from ___ (converting it to ____)

A

cytosol, NADH, NAD+

68
Q

Compounds travel to ____

A

mitochondria

69
Q

There is a transfer of the electron pair to either ____ or ____ (converting them to ____ and ____ respectively)

A

NAD+ or FAD, NADH and FADH2

70
Q

What are 2 shuttle systems?

A

malate-aspartate shuttle system and glycerol phosphate shuttle

71
Q

Where is the malate-aspartate the main system?

A

the heart

72
Q

The malate-aspartate shuttle transfers electron pair to ____ forming ____

A

NAD+, NADH

73
Q

Where is the glycerol-phosphate shuttle the main system?

A

skeletal muscle

74
Q

the glycerol-phosphate shuttle transfers electron pair to ____ forming ____

A

FAD, FADH2

75
Q

In the intracellular lactate shuttle mitochondrial LDH in many cell types (including ____)

A

skeletal muscle

76
Q

In the intracellular lactate shuttle lactate transported into ____ via ___

A

mito via MCT

77
Q

In oxidative phosphorylation energy released from ____ is channeled toward ____

A

ETC, ATP synthesis

78
Q

In oxidative phosphorylation it is an aerobic process that depends on ____

A

oxygen utilization

79
Q

What enzyme is used in oxidative phosphorylation?

A

ATP synthase

80
Q

What is chemiosmotic hypotesis?

A

The link between the ETC and oxidative phosphorylation is protons that are expelled from the mitochondrion as the ETC operates, only to return through ATP synthase

81
Q

With ____ as an electron donor, mitochondria synthesize nearly ___ ATP per pair of electrons passed to ____

A

NADH, 3, O2

82
Q

With ____ nearly ____ ATP are synthesized per pair of electrons passed to ____

A

succinate (FADH2), 2, O2

Metabolism (6 decks)

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