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Metabolism > Glycolysis > Flashcards

Glycolysis Flashcards

1
Q
  1. What are normal blood glucose levels?
A
  1. 90-108 mg/dL
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2
Q
  1. What is hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia and what are the levels for hyperglycemia?
A
  1. Hyperglycemia = elevated glucose, hypoglycemia = low glucose, <45 mg/dL
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3
Q
  1. Protein glucose transporters have _____ locations, thus there are _____
A
  1. Tissue specific, 5 transporter isoforms
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4
Q
  1. Insulin stimulates _____ from blood to cell via _____ in muscle, heart, adipose tissue
A
  1. Uptake of glucose, GLUT-4
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5
Q
  1. Cells contain glucose, where does this originate from?
A
  1. From the diet or noncarbohydrate sources
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6
Q
  1. Glucose can yield energy through _____
A
  1. Glycolysis
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7
Q
  1. Glycolysis breaks down glucose to what?
A
  1. Pyruvate
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8
Q
  1. What is the most common metabolic pathway that operates in all cells?
A
  1. Glycolysis
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9
Q
  1. What is a major energy source in glycolysis? What is the sole energy source?
A
  1. Intensely contracting skeletal muscle / erythrocytes
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10
Q
  1. What type of process is glycolysis?
A
  1. Anaerobic
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11
Q
  1. How many reactions are taking place in the cytosol and what are they catalyzed by?
A
  1. 10, catalyzed by different enzymes
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12
Q
  1. Glucose is phosphorylated __ times at ___ and ___ reactions resulting in ___
    1. What does this cost?
    2. What happens at step 2?
A
  1. 2, first and third, six carbons with 2 phosphoryl groups
    1. 2 ATP
    2. With an isomerization at step 2
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13
Q
  1. What happens in the fourth reaction?
    1. What molecules does it split into?
A
  1. Compound is split into 2, 3 carbon molecules
    1. Dihydroxyacetone phosphate and glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate
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14
Q
  1. Dihydroxyacetone phosphate is converted to _____
A
  1. glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate
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15
Q
  1. Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate accepts a second _____ from __ while being oxidized
    1. ____ reduced to ____
A
  1. Phosphoryl group, Pi
    1. NAD+ to NADH
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16
Q
  1. 1,3 biphosphoglycerate donates its phosphoric groups to two ADP in which 2 steps?
A
  1. 6th reaction, 10th reaction
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17
Q
  1. What happens in step 1?
    1. What is glucose converted to?
A
  1. Phosphorylation of glucose
    1. Glucose-6-phosphate
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18
Q
  1. What is step one catalyzed by?
A
  1. hexokinase
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19
Q
  1. What is step one priming glucose for?
A
  1. For subsequent reactions
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20
Q
  1. Is step one a reversible reaction?
A
  1. Irreversible
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21
Q
  1. Step one is known as the control point _____
A
  1. Of glycolysis
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22
Q
  1. Step two is the conversation of glucose-6-phosphate to _____
    1. This is an aldose to _____
A
  1. Fructose-6-phosphate
    1. Ketose
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23
Q
  1. What is step two catalyzed by?
A
  1. Phosphoglucomutase
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24
Q
  1. What is step 2 priming glucose for?
A
  1. For subsequent reactions
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25
Q
  1. Is step two a reversible reaction?
A
  1. Reversible
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26
Q
  1. In step 3 it is the phosphorylation of fructose-6-phosphate to ____
    1. What priming reaction is this?
A
  1. Fructose-1,6-diphosphate (biphosphate)
    1. 2nd priming reaction
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27
Q
  1. What is step 3 catalyzed by?
A
  1. Phosphofructokinase (PFK-1)
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28
Q
  1. Is step 3 a reversible reaction?
A
  1. Irreversible reaction
29
Q
  1. What type of enzyme is used in step 3?
A
  1. Regulatory enzyme
30
Q
  1. What is the key enzyme in the control of glycolysis?
    1. What type of step is this?
A
  1. Phosphofructokinase
    1. Rate limiting step
31
Q
  1. Phosphofructokinase (PFK) is inhibited by ____
A
  1. High ATP concentration, high citrate concentration (initial Krebs intermediate)
32
Q
  1. Phosphofructokinase is stimulated by ____
A
  1. Low ATP concentration, low citrate concentration
33
Q
  1. Why is PFK the key and not hexokinase?
A
  1. Glucose-6-phosphate, glycolytic intermediate, can also be converted to glycogen
    1. This is the first “committed step” and is catalyzed by PFK
34
Q
  1. Step 4 takes Fructose-1,6-diphosphate to ____
A
  1. Glycerahdehyde-3-phosphate (aldose) and dihydroxyacetone phosphate (ketose)
35
Q
  1. Step 4 is catalyzed by ____
A
  1. Aldolase
36
Q
  1. Is step 4 a reversible reaction?
A
  1. Reversible
37
Q
  1. Step 5 is an interconversion of the ____
A
  1. Triose phosphates
38
Q
  1. In step 5 only ____ can be directly degraded in subsequent reactions
A
  1. Glycerahdehyde-3-phosphate (aldose)
39
Q
  1. Step 5 is catalyzed by ____
A
  1. Triose phosphate isomerase
40
Q
  1. Is step 5 a reversible reaction?
A
  1. Reversible
41
Q
  1. In step 5 enzyme rapidly converts ____ to ____
A
  1. dihydroxyacetone to Glycerahdehyde-3-phosphate
42
Q
  1. Step 6 is the oxidation of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate to ____
A
  1. 1.3 biphosphoglycerate
43
Q
  1. Step 6 is catalyzed by ____
A

Glycerahdehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase

44
Q
  1. Is step 6 a reversible reaction?
A
  1. Reversible
45
Q
  1. Step 6 is the first of 2 energy ____ reactions of glycolysis that eventually lead to the formation of ____
A
  1. Conserving, ATP
46
Q
  1. In step 7 it is the transfer of phosphate from ____ to ____
A
  1. 1,3 Biphosphoglycerate to ADP
47
Q
  1. Step 7 leads to the formation of what 2 things?
A
  1. ATP and 3-phosphoglycerate
48
Q
  1. Step 7 is catalyzed by ____
A
  1. Phosphoglycerate kinase
49
Q
  1. Is step 7 a reversible reaction?
A
  1. Reversible
50
Q
  1. Step 7 is ____-____ phosphorylation
A
  1. Substrate-level
51
Q
  1. Step 8 is phosphoglycerate to ____
A
  1. 2-phosphoglycerate
52
Q
  1. Step 8 is catalyzed by ____
A
  1. Phosphoglycerate mutase
53
Q
  1. Is step 8 reversible?
A
  1. Reversible
54
Q
  1. Step 9 is the dehydration of 2-phosphoglycerate to ____
A
  1. Phosphoenolpyruvate
55
Q
  1. Step 9 is catalyzed by ____
A
  1. Enolase
56
Q
  1. Is step 9 reversible?
A
  1. Reversible
57
Q
  1. Step 9 is the 2nd glycolytic reaction that generates a compound with ____
A
  1. High phosphate group transfer potential
58
Q
  1. Loss of H2O from 2-phosphoglycerate causes ____
A
  1. A redistribution of energy within the molecule
59
Q
  1. Step 10 is a transfer of the phosphate group from Phosphoenolpyruvate to ____
A
  1. ADP
60
Q
  1. Step 10 is the formation of what 2 things?
A
  1. ATP and Pyruvate
61
Q
  1. Step 10 is catalyzed by ____
A
  1. Pyruvate kinase
62
Q
  1. Is step 10 reversible?
A
  1. Irreversible
63
Q
  1. What is the formula for glycolysis?
A
  1. Glucose + 2ATP + NAD+ + 4ADP + 2Pi&raquo_space;> 2 pyruvate + 2ADP + 2NADH + 2H+ + 4ATP + 2H2O
64
Q
  1. Under anaerobic conditions, can NADH generated by glycolysis be reoxidizes by O2?
A
  1. No
65
Q
  1. Failure to regenerate NAD+ would leave the cell with ____ for the oxidation of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
    1. What would happen to the energy yielding reactions of glycolysis?
A
  1. No electron acceptor
  2. It would stop
66
Q
  1. ____ must be regenerated from another reaction
A
  1. NAD+
67
Q
  1. Cells have the ability to continually regenerate ____ during anaerobic glycolysis by transferring ____ from ____ to a reduced end product such as lactate (or ethanol)
A
  1. NAD+, electrons, NADH
68
Q
  1. Reduction of pyruvate is catalyzed by ____
A
  1. Lactate dehydrogenase
69
Q
  1. The overall equilibrium of this reaction strongly favors ____
    1. This is a ____, ____ delta G naught
A
  1. Lactate formation
    1. Large negative

Metabolism (6 decks)

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