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Glycolysis Flashcards

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1
Q
  1. What are normal blood glucose levels?
A
  1. 90-108 mg/dL
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2
Q
  1. What is hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia and what are the levels for hyperglycemia?
A
  1. Hyperglycemia = elevated glucose, hypoglycemia = low glucose, <45 mg/dL
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3
Q
  1. Protein glucose transporters have _____ locations, thus there are _____
A
  1. Tissue specific, 5 transporter isoforms
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4
Q
  1. Insulin stimulates _____ from blood to cell via _____ in muscle, heart, adipose tissue
A
  1. Uptake of glucose, GLUT-4
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5
Q
  1. Cells contain glucose, where does this originate from?
A
  1. From the diet or noncarbohydrate sources
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6
Q
  1. Glucose can yield energy through _____
A
  1. Glycolysis
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7
Q
  1. Glycolysis breaks down glucose to what?
A
  1. Pyruvate
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8
Q
  1. What is the most common metabolic pathway that operates in all cells?
A
  1. Glycolysis
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9
Q
  1. What is a major energy source in glycolysis? What is the sole energy source?
A
  1. Intensely contracting skeletal muscle / erythrocytes
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10
Q
  1. What type of process is glycolysis?
A
  1. Anaerobic
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11
Q
  1. How many reactions are taking place in the cytosol and what are they catalyzed by?
A
  1. 10, catalyzed by different enzymes
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12
Q
  1. Glucose is phosphorylated __ times at ___ and ___ reactions resulting in ___
    1. What does this cost?
    2. What happens at step 2?
A
  1. 2, first and third, six carbons with 2 phosphoryl groups
    1. 2 ATP
    2. With an isomerization at step 2
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13
Q
  1. What happens in the fourth reaction?
    1. What molecules does it split into?
A
  1. Compound is split into 2, 3 carbon molecules
    1. Dihydroxyacetone phosphate and glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate
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14
Q
  1. Dihydroxyacetone phosphate is converted to _____
A
  1. glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate
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15
Q
  1. Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate accepts a second _____ from __ while being oxidized
    1. ____ reduced to ____
A
  1. Phosphoryl group, Pi
    1. NAD+ to NADH
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16
Q
  1. 1,3 biphosphoglycerate donates its phosphoric groups to two ADP in which 2 steps?
A
  1. 6th reaction, 10th reaction
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17
Q
  1. What happens in step 1?
    1. What is glucose converted to?
A
  1. Phosphorylation of glucose
    1. Glucose-6-phosphate
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18
Q
  1. What is step one catalyzed by?
A
  1. hexokinase
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19
Q
  1. What is step one priming glucose for?
A
  1. For subsequent reactions
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20
Q
  1. Is step one a reversible reaction?
A
  1. Irreversible
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21
Q
  1. Step one is known as the control point _____
A
  1. Of glycolysis
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22
Q
  1. Step two is the conversation of glucose-6-phosphate to _____
    1. This is an aldose to _____
A
  1. Fructose-6-phosphate
    1. Ketose
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23
Q
  1. What is step two catalyzed by?
A
  1. Phosphoglucomutase
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24
Q
  1. What is step 2 priming glucose for?
A
  1. For subsequent reactions
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25
25. Is step two a reversible reaction?
25. Reversible
26
26. In step 3 it is the phosphorylation of fructose-6-phosphate to ____ 1. What priming reaction is this?
26. Fructose-1,6-diphosphate (biphosphate) 1. 2nd priming reaction
27
27. What is step 3 catalyzed by?
27. Phosphofructokinase (PFK-1)
28
28. Is step 3 a reversible reaction?
28. Irreversible reaction
29
29. What type of enzyme is used in step 3?
29. Regulatory enzyme
30
30. What is the key enzyme in the control of glycolysis? 1. What type of step is this?
30. Phosphofructokinase 1. Rate limiting step
31
31. Phosphofructokinase (PFK) is inhibited by ____
31. High ATP concentration, high citrate concentration (initial Krebs intermediate)
32
32. Phosphofructokinase is stimulated by ____
32. Low ATP concentration, low citrate concentration
33
33. Why is PFK the key and not hexokinase?
33. Glucose-6-phosphate, glycolytic intermediate, can also be converted to glycogen 1. This is the first “committed step” and is catalyzed by PFK
34
34. Step 4 takes Fructose-1,6-diphosphate to ____
34. Glycerahdehyde-3-phosphate (aldose) and dihydroxyacetone phosphate (ketose)
35
35. Step 4 is catalyzed by ____
35. Aldolase
36
36. Is step 4 a reversible reaction?
36. Reversible
37
37. Step 5 is an interconversion of the ____
37. Triose phosphates
38
38. In step 5 only ____ can be directly degraded in subsequent reactions
38. Glycerahdehyde-3-phosphate (aldose)
39
39. Step 5 is catalyzed by ____
39. Triose phosphate isomerase
40
40. Is step 5 a reversible reaction?
40. Reversible
41
41. In step 5 enzyme rapidly converts ____ to ____
41. dihydroxyacetone to Glycerahdehyde-3-phosphate
42
1. Step 6 is the oxidation of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate to ____
1. 1.3 biphosphoglycerate
43
2. Step 6 is catalyzed by ____
Glycerahdehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase
44
3. Is step 6 a reversible reaction?
3. Reversible
45
4. Step 6 is the first of 2 energy ____ reactions of glycolysis that eventually lead to the formation of ____
4. Conserving, ATP
46
5. In step 7 it is the transfer of phosphate from ____ to ____
5. 1,3 Biphosphoglycerate to ADP
47
6. Step 7 leads to the formation of what 2 things?
6. ATP and 3-phosphoglycerate
48
7. Step 7 is catalyzed by ____
7. Phosphoglycerate kinase
49
8. Is step 7 a reversible reaction?
8. Reversible
50
9. Step 7 is ____-____ phosphorylation
9. Substrate-level
51
10. Step 8 is phosphoglycerate to ____
10. 2-phosphoglycerate
52
11. Step 8 is catalyzed by ____
11. Phosphoglycerate mutase
53
12. Is step 8 reversible?
12. Reversible
54
13. Step 9 is the dehydration of 2-phosphoglycerate to ____
13. Phosphoenolpyruvate
55
14. Step 9 is catalyzed by ____
14. Enolase
56
15. Is step 9 reversible?
15. Reversible
57
16. Step 9 is the 2nd glycolytic reaction that generates a compound with ____
16. High phosphate group transfer potential
58
17. Loss of H2O from 2-phosphoglycerate causes ____
17. A redistribution of energy within the molecule
59
18. Step 10 is a transfer of the phosphate group from Phosphoenolpyruvate to ____
18. ADP
60
19. Step 10 is the formation of what 2 things?
19. ATP and Pyruvate
61
20. Step 10 is catalyzed by ____
20. Pyruvate kinase
62
21. Is step 10 reversible?
21. Irreversible
63
22. What is the formula for glycolysis?
22. Glucose + 2ATP + NAD+ + 4ADP + 2Pi >>> 2 pyruvate + 2ADP + 2NADH + 2H+ + 4ATP + 2H2O
64
23. Under anaerobic conditions, can NADH generated by glycolysis be reoxidizes by O2?
23. No
65
24. Failure to regenerate NAD+ would leave the cell with ____ for the oxidation of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate 1. What would happen to the energy yielding reactions of glycolysis?
24. No electron acceptor 1. It would stop
66
25. ____ must be regenerated from another reaction
25. NAD+
67
26. Cells have the ability to continually regenerate ____ during anaerobic glycolysis by transferring ____ from ____ to a reduced end product such as lactate (or ethanol)
26. NAD+, electrons, NADH
68
27. Reduction of pyruvate is catalyzed by ____
27. Lactate dehydrogenase
69
28. The overall equilibrium of this reaction strongly favors ____ 1. This is a ____, ____ delta G naught
28. Lactate formation 1. Large negative

Metabolism (6 decks)

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