External visarga sandhi + voiced 3.4.2.

Question 1

3.4.2.1.
1. Final s visarga preceded by non a/ā vowel before ANY voiced sound:

2. Exception: if the following voiced consonant is r:

Answer 1

1. Final s visarga preceded by non a/ā vowel before ANY voiced sound (except r) it becomes r:
   guroḥ balam -> gurorbalam
   puruṣaiḥ uktam -> puruṣairuktam
   śaraiḥ hataḥ-> śarairhataḥ
   bhikṣuḥ adya -> bhikṣuradya
2. Final s visarga preceded by non a/ā vowel followed by initial consonant r-: the visarga drops and if the preceding vowel is short, it lengthens:
   agniḥ rocate -> agnī rocate
   muneḥ raktam -> mune raktam

Question 2

3.4.2.2.1.
Final s visarga preceded by a (-aḥ) and before voiced consonants: (VERY COMMON!)

Answer 2

Final s visarga preceded by short a and before voiced consonants: (VERY COMMON!):
aḥ becomes -o
buddhaḥ vane -> buddho vane
bhūmipaḥ rājyam -> bhūmipo rājyam
rākṣasaḥ hanti -> rākṣaso hanti (h = voiced!)

Question 3

3.4.2.2.2.
Final s visarga preceded by a (-aḥ) and before a- (VERY COMMON!)

Answer 3

Final s visarga preceded by a (-aḥ) and before a- (VERY COMMON!)
–aḥ changes to o and initial a- is lost and avagraha takes place:

buddhaḥ araṇye-> buddho ̍raṇye
putraḥ vadat-> putro ̍vadat

Question 4

3.4.2.2.3.
Final s visarga preceded by -a (-aḥ) before other vowel than short a

Answer 4

Final s visarga preceded by -a (-aḥ) before other vowel than short a:
drops the visarga and hiatus remains:
devaḥ uvāca -> deva uvāca
gajaḥ iva -> gaja iva

Question 5

3.4.2.2.4.
Final -aḥ of pronouns saḥ and eṣaḥ before any voiced or unvoiced consonant:

Answer 5

Final -aḥ of pronouns saḥ and eṣaḥ before any voiced or unvoiced consonant: the visarga drops:

saḥ rāhulaḥ -> sa rāhulaḥ
eṣaḥ kākaḥ -> eṣa kākaḥ

Question 6

3.4.2.2.5.
Final s-visarga preceded by long ā (āḥ) before ANY voiced sound:

Answer 6

Final s-visarga preceded by long ā (āḥ) before ANY voiced sound:
visarga drops

hatāḥ vīrāḥ -> hatā vīrāḥ
kanyāḥ āgacchanti -> kanyā punaḥ vadanti -> punarvadanti
prātaḥ āgamiṣyāmi -> prātarāgamiṣyāmi

Question 7

3.4.2.3.
Final r-visarga before a voiced sound (VERY RARE; ‘punar’ the only word in this course where it appears)

Answer 7

Final r-visarga before a voiced sound (VERY RARE; ‘punar’ the only word in this course where it appears):
visarga becomes -r-

Question 7

3.4.2.3.
Final r-visarga before a voiced sound (VERY RARE; ‘punar’ the only word in this course where it appears)

Exception: if the voiced sound is r:

Answer 7

Final r-visarga before a voiced sound (VERY RARE; ‘punar’ the only word in this course where it appears):
visarga becomes -r-
punaḥ vadanti -> punarvadanti
prātaḥ āgamiṣyāmi -> prātarāgamiṣyāmi

Exception:
punaḥ rodanam -> punā rodanam (to avoid double r which is not allowed)