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MATERNAL > >Definition of terms >menstrual Cycle >4 body structures are involved in physiology of menstrual cycle >Responsible Parenthood > Flashcards

>Definition of terms >menstrual Cycle >4 body structures are involved in physiology of menstrual cycle >Responsible Parenthood Flashcards

1
Q

Periodic discharge of blood, mucus, and epithelia cell from the uterus

A

Menstruation

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2
Q

Is the beginning of menstruation to the beginning of the next menstruation

A

Menstrual cycle

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3
Q

Is the first menstruation in women

A

Menarche

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4
Q

Is a severe pain during menstruation

A

Dysmenorrhea

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5
Q

Is the complete bleeding at completely irregular interval

A

Metrorrhagia

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6
Q

Is the excessive bleeding during menstruation

A

Menorrhagia

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7
Q

Is the absence of menstruation leading to pregnancy

A

Amenorrhea

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8
Q

Is the end of menstruation/cessation of menstruation

A

A

Menopause

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9
Q

A female hormone that is produced by the ovaries. It helps control and guide sexual development, including the physical changes associated with puberty

A

Estrogen

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10
Q

A hormone that helps to regulate your cycle. But its main function is to help thicken the lining of the uterus to prepare for a fertilized egg.

A

Progesterone

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11
Q

The mean age for menarche

A

12.87 years or 1-3 years after breast budding

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12
Q

is actually the end of an arbitrary defined menstrual cycle

A

Menses

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13
Q

The menstrual phase varies in length for most women

A

Ave period: 5 days
Ave cycle: 28 days
Normal blood loss: 50cc

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14
Q

Is the hormonal process a woman’s body goes through each month to prepare for a possible pregnancy

A

Menstrual cycle

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15
Q

a sign that your body is working normally

A

Regular menstrual periods in the years between puberty and menopause

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16
Q

For menstrual cycle to be complete, all four structures must contribute their part. Therefore, inactivity of any parts results in an incomplete or ineffective cycle

A

-hypothalamus
-pituitary gland
-ovaries
-uterus

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17
Q

Produces GnRH or Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone to stimulate the anterior Pituitary gland

A

Hypothalamus

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18
Q

Secretes gonadotropins (FSH and LH): stimulates the ovary (estrogen and progesterone) - if estrogen/progesterone increase in blood vessels, this gives positive feedback to the hypothalamus to decrease all hormones

A

Anterior Pituitary Gland

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19
Q

After an upsurge of LH, the graafian follicle raptures and the ovum is set free from the ovary

A

Ovulation

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20
Q

After an upsurge of LH, the graafian follicle raptures and the ovum is set free from the ovary called ovulation and swept into an open end of a fallopian tube, the FSH has done its work and now decreases its amount. It occurs approximately on the 14th day before the onset of the next menstrual cycle.

A

Ovaries

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21
Q

The ovulation happens at the midpoint of a 28-day cycle

A

If the cycle is only 20 days long 20-14=6 day of ovulation not the 10th or middle day

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22
Q

What happens if conception does not occur?

A

the unfertilized ovum atrophies after 4 days and the corpus luteum remain for only 8-10 days and regresses. Stimulation from the hormones produced by the ovaries causes specific monthly effects on the uterus and uterine changes occur during the menstrual cycle

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23
Q

If conception occurs, the fertilized ovum implants on the endometrium of the uterus, the corpus luteum remains throughout

A

Uterus

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24
Q

Menstrual flow is composed of:

A

-blood from ruptured capillaries
-mucin from the glands
-fragments of the endometrial tissue
- the microscopic, atrophied, unfertilized ovum

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25
Q

Indications of Ovulation

A

There is a slight drop in temperature one day prior to ovulation with a one-half to one degree rise in temperature at ovulation that remains elevated for 12-14 days.

Cervical mucus is abundant, watery, clear, and more alkaline. Cervical Os dilates slightly, softens and rises in the vagina

Presence of Spinnbarkeit and ferning under microscope

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26
Q

Egg-white stretchiness of cervical mucus

A

Spinnbarkeit

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27
Q

is the monthly hormonal cycle a female’s body goes through to prepare for preganancy

A

Menstrual cycle

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28
Q

is counted from the first day of your period up to the first day of your next period. Your hormone levels usually change throughout the menstrual cycle and can cause menstrual symptoms

A

menstrual cycle

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29
Q

Four main phases of the menstrual cycle

A
  1. menstruation
  2. follicular phase
  3. ovulation
  4. luteal phase
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30
Q

is the elimination of the thickened lining of the uterus (endometrium) from the body through the vagina

A

Menstruation

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31
Q

contains blood, cells from the lining of the uterus (endometrial cells) and mucus

A

menstrual fluid

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32
Q

What is the average length of a period?

A

between three days and one week

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33
Q

starts on the first day of menstruation and ends with ovulation. Prompted by the hypothalamus, the pituitary gland releases follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

A

Proliferative/ follicular phase

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34
Q

This hormone stimulates the ovary to produce around five to 20 follicles (tiny nodules or cysts) which bead on the surface

A

Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

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35
Q

This can occur around day 10 of a 28 day cycle

A

Proliferative/ follicular phase

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36
Q

The growth of the follicles stimulates______ to thicken in preparation for possible pregnancy

A

lining of the uterus

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37
Q

is the release of a mature egg from the surface of the ovary. This usually occurs mid-cycle, around two weeks or so before menstruation start

A

Ovulation

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38
Q

During this phase, the developing follicle causes a rise in the level of estrogen. The hypothalamus in the brain recognizes these rising levels and releases a chemical called gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

A

follicular phase

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39
Q

This hormone prompts the pituitary gland to produce raised levels of luteinising hormone (LH) and FSH

A

gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

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40
Q

The life span of the typical egg is only around ____ Unless it meets a sperm during this time, it will die.

A

24 hours.

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41
Q

During ovulation, the egg bursts from its follicle, but the ruptured follicle stays on the surface of the ovary. For the next two weeks or so, the follicle transforms into a structure known as the CORPUS LUTEUM. This structure starts releasing progesterone, along with small amounts of estrogen. This combination of hormones maintains the thickened lining of the uterus, waiting for a fertilized egg to implant

A

Luteal Phase

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42
Q

A hormone that is detected in a urine test for pregnancy

A

Human Chorionic Gonadotrophin

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43
Q

keeps producing the raised levels of progesterone that are needed to maintain the thickened lining of the uterus

A

corpus luteum

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44
Q

explain luteal phase

A

During ovulation, the egg bursts from its follicle, but the ruptured follicle stays on the surface of the ovary. For the next two weeks or so, the follicle transforms into a structure known as the CORPUS LUTEUM. This structure starts releasing progesterone, along with small amounts of estrogen. This combination of hormones maintains the thickened lining of the uterus, waiting for a fertilized egg to implant

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45
Q

if the pregnancy does not occur, the corpus luteum withers and dies, usually around ____

A

day 22 in a 28-day cycle

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46
Q

What causes the lining of the uterus to fall away. This is known as menstruation. The cycle then repeats

A

Drop in progesterone levels

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47
Q

Days 1-5 cycle
Shedding of the endometrium occurs as uterine bleeding, approximately 50 to 60 ml (<2 ounces)

A

Menstrual phase

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48
Q

Day 5 of ovulation. Endometrium is restored under primary hormone influence of estrogen. In this preovulationary phase, FSH is secreted by the anterior pituitary. Preovulatory surge of LH affects one follicle and ovulation occurs

A

Proliferative (follicular) phase

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49
Q

(Ovulation) ovulation to approximately 3 days before menstrual cycle. Estrogen levels off and progesterone level increase

A

Secretory Phase

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50
Q

(Luteal) If fertilization did not occur, the corpus luteum degenerated and estrogen and progesterone levels drop off causing the endometrium to become “blood starved” leading to menstruation

A

Ischemic Phase

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51
Q

Two common causes of irregular menstrual periods are

A

-polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)
-Hypothyroidism

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52
Q

Is a hormone imbalance that can affect ovulation, and make it more difficult to get pregnant

A

PCOS

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53
Q

is a man or woman who is able and willing to give the proper response to the demands of a given situation with specific reference to marriage and family life

A

responsible person

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54
Q

is one who gives the proper responses to the needs of his/her spouse, as well as his own, and of their life together

A

responsible spouse

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55
Q

Give proper responses to the needs of their children

A

Responsible parents

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56
Q

Refers more specifically to the voluntary and positive action of a couple to plan and decide the number of children they want to have and when to have them

A

Family planning

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57
Q

Includes all decision on individual or couple make about having children:

  1. if and when to have children
  2. how many children to have
  3. how children are spaced
A

Reproductive Life Planning

58
Q

The concept of family planning includes these elements:

A

a. responsibility of parents to themselves and to each other
b. responsibility to their present and future children
c. responsibility to their community and country

59
Q

Purposes of Family planning

A
  1. improvement of health
  2. promotion of human right to determine reproductive performance
  3. relation of demographic change to economic development
60
Q

The ultimate goal of family planning is directed towards

A

birth spacing
birth limitation
helping those who do not have children to have children

61
Q

to allow the mothers time to rest and regain their health before the next pregnancy

A

Birth spacing

62
Q

when the desired number of children is reached

A

birth limitation

63
Q

Advantages of family planning to the mother

A
  1. enables the mother to regain her health after the delivery
  2. gives mother enough time and opportunity to love and provide attention to her husband and children
  3. Provides mother who has chronic illness enough time for treatment and recovery without further exposure to the physiologic burden of pregnancy
  4. Prevents high risk pregnancy
  5. Gives mother more time to herself, family and community
64
Q

Advantages of family planning to the children

A

the practice of family planning will make them healthier, happier, feel wanted and satisfied, secure

65
Q

Advantages of family planning to the fathers

A
  1. Lightens his burden and responsibility in supporting his family
  2. enables him to give his children a good home, good education and better future
  3. Enables him to give his family a happy and contented life
  4. gives him time for his personal advancement
  5. Provides a father who has chronic illness enough time for treatment and recovery from illness
66
Q

Advantages of family planning to the family

A
  1. Gives the family members more opportunity to enjoy each other’s company with love and affection
  2. Enables the family to save some amount for improvement of standard of living, and for emergencies
67
Q

Advantages of family planning to the community

A
  1. improves the economic and social status of the community
  2. better job opportunities
  3. health status will improve
  4. Extra resources in the community (less congestion, less poluution, potable water supply)
  5. Members will have more time to socialize with each other; to participate in socio-civic activities
68
Q

Is any device used to prevent fertilization of an egg leading to pregnancy

A

Contraception

69
Q

Contraception considerations

A
  1. Personal values
  2. Ability to use method correctly
  3. How method will affect sexual enjoyment
  4. Financial factors
  5. Status of couple’s relationship
  6. Prior experiences
  7. Future plans
  8. Contraindications
70
Q

Kinds of contraceptives

A
  1. Natural methods
  2. Hormonal methods
  3. Barrier methods
  4. Permanent methods
71
Q

Examples of natural methods (contraception)

A

Rhythm method or calendar method
-basal body temperature
-billings method or cervical mucus method
-coitus interruptus or withdrawal
-lactation amenorrhea method

72
Q

examples of hormonal methods (contraceptives)

A

-oral contraceptives
-injected or implanted steroidal contraceptive

73
Q

Examples of barrier methods

A

chemical barriers and mechanical barriers

74
Q

examples of chemical barriers

A

spermicides
-gels
-vaginal suppositories
-sponges

75
Q

Examples of mechanical barriers

A

Condoms
-cervical cap
-diaphragm
-intrauterine device (IUD)

76
Q

Examples of permanent methods

A
  1. tubal ligation
  2. vasectomy
77
Q

Entails keeping a day by-day record of your cycle for 6 consecutive months, noting the onset of bleeding as day 1 and the last day before your next menstrual bleeding as the final day of your cycle

A

CALENDAR METHOD

78
Q

This will show you your longest and shortest cycles from which you can calculate your FERTILE DAYS

A

6 MONTH RECORD

79
Q

Life span of an egg from the woman lives for only around ___

A

24 hours

80
Q

Sperm from the man can survive up to ___, possibly longer

A

3 days

81
Q

First unsafe day explain

A

Subtract 18 from the number of days in last unsafe day; subtract 11 from the number of days in your longest cycle

ex. shortest 24-18 = day 8
longest 31-11 day 20

UNSAFE PERIOD IS DAY 8-20

82
Q

Is a periodic abstinence from intercourse during fertile period; based on the regularity of ovulation; variable effectiveness. The oldest method

A

Coitus Interruptus

83
Q

The couple proceed with this until moment of ejaculation, then the man withdraws and spermatozoa are emitted outside the vagina

A

Coitus Interruptus

84
Q

Offers little protection because ejaculation may occure before withdrawal is complete and despite the care used, spermatozoa may be deposited in the vagina

A

Coitus Interruptus

85
Q

Involves taking the temperature every morning before the woman gets out of bed and recording it.

The temperature drops slightly 24 hours before ovulation, then rises to about half a degree higher than normal and remains thus for to three days: UNSAFE period

A

BASAL BODY TEMPERATURE

86
Q

Not a very efficient method unless combines with calendar and mucus methods.

A

BASAL BODY TEMPERATURE

87
Q

Involves becoming aware of the normal changes in the cervical secretions that occur throughout your cycle by inserting the forefinger into the vagina first thing in the morning. A few days after menstrual bleeding, there is a little secretion, vagina is dry and gradually, secretion increases and becomes thicker, cloudy white and sticky.

as ovulation approaches, this secretion or mucus becomes copious, clear, thin, less viscous, more liquid, slipper, or string as soo as this change begins and for 3 full days later: UNSAFE PERIOD

A

Cervical Mucus Billings Method

88
Q

Cervical Mucus Billings Method checkings

A
  1. begin checking the mucus
  2. checking the sensation of wetness or dryness
89
Q

Cervical mucus is thin, watery and can be stretched into long strands means there is high level of estrogen and ovulation is about to occur

A

Spinnbarkeit test

90
Q

At the height of estrogen stimulation just before ovulation. Is due to crystallization of sodium chloride on mucus fibers

A

Ferning or arborization of cervical mucus

91
Q

Mucus if abundant, slippery, watery, thin, and stretchable. It has a ferning pattern when viewed under the miscroscope. AS SOON AS YOU NOTICE CHANGES IN YOUR MUCUS, CONSIDER yourself fertile. Avoid sexual intercourse

A

During fertile period

92
Q

Mucus is thick, scant, yellowish, or absent. Sexual intercourse is allowed

A

During infertile period

93
Q

Combines BBT and cervical mucus methods. The woman takes her temperature daily, watching for the rise in the temperature that marks ovulation. She also analyzes her cervical mucus daily

Abstain from the intercourse until3 days after the rise in temperature or the fourth day after the peak of mucus change

A

Sympto-thermal method

94
Q

As long as woman is breastfeeding an infant, there is some natural suppression of ovulation. Not dependable- woman may be fertile even if she has not had a period since childbirth

The effectivity of this method is greatly dependent on the frequency and duration of sucking

98% effective when all the following conditions are present if she is fully breastfeeding, amenorrheic and within 6 months’ postpartum period

A

Lactation amenorrhea Method

95
Q

The greater the frequency and duration of sucking the more pronounced the pronounced the suppression of ovulation due

A

due to constant secretion of prolactin

96
Q

Composed of varying amounts of estrogen combined with small amount of progesterone. 99% effective. Estrogen suppresses FSH and LH, thereby suppressing ovulation. Progesterone decreases the permeability of cervical mucus

A

Oral Contraceptives

97
Q

effects on the cervical mucus oral contraceptives

A

The pill makes the cervical mucus thick, scanty, & cellular so that sperms have difficulty in penetrating it & reaching the uterus. Prevention of implantation due to the effect of progestin on the endometrium

98
Q

Effects on the sperm oral contraceptives

A

Capacitation, the activation of enzymes that permit the sperm to penetrate the ovum, maybe inhibited. This makes the sperm unable to penetrate and fertilize the ovum

99
Q

Fixed doses of estrogen and progesterone: 21-28 day cycle

A

Monophasic cycle

100
Q

may come with 21 tables, seven day pill free interval/seven iron/ vitamin tables

98% - 100% effective

A

Monophasic

101
Q

There is constant amount of estrogen with increased progesterone

A

Biphasic

102
Q

Varying levels of estrogen and progesterone

A

Triphasic

103
Q

Benefits of oral contraceptives are:

A

decrease incidences of:
-dysmenorrhea
-premenstrual dysphoric syndrome
-iron deficiency anemia
-acute pid with tubal scarring
-endometrial and ovarian cancer and ovarian cysts
-fibrocystic breast disease

104
Q

side effects of contraceptives

A

nausea, weight gain, headache, breast tenderness, breakthrough bleeding, monilial vaginal infections, mild hypertension, depression

105
Q

Absolute contraindications to OCs

A

Breastfeeding, family history of CVA or CAD, history of thromboembolic disease, history of liver disease, undiagnosed vaginal bleed

106
Q

Possible Contraindication to OC’s

A

age 40+
-breast of reproductive tract malignancy
-diabetes mellitus
-elevated cholesterol or triglycerides
-high blood pressure
-migraine or other vascual type headavhes
-obesity
-pregnancy
-seizure disorders
- sickle cell or other hemoglobinopathies
-smoking
-use of drug with interaction effect

107
Q

Other contraceptives

A

continuos or extended regimen pills
mini pills
estrogen-progesterone patch
vaginal rings

108
Q

highly effective, weekly hormonal birth control patch that’s worn on the skin. Combination of estrogen and progestin. Is absorbed on the skin and then transferred into the bloodstream. Can be worn on the upper outer arm, buttocks, upper torso, or abdomen. Worn for 1 week, replaced on the same day of the week for 3 consecutive weeks. No patch 4th week

A

Estrogen-progesterone patch

109
Q

The morning- after pills. high level of estrogen. Must be initiated within 72 hours of unprotected intercourse

A

Emergency postcoital contraceptives

110
Q

How to take emergency postcoital contraceptives or morning pills

A

Take 1 pill everyday, always start your pill on the day one of your menstruation. Those taking a 21 day pill have a 7day pill free period then start taking the ist pill on the next pack. For the 28 day pill start the next day after all 28 pills have been taken. There is no pill free.

111
Q

nonbiodegradable silastic implants with synthetic progesterone embedded under the skin on the inside of the upper arm. Slowly relase the hormone over the next 5 years.
Suppress ovulation, stimulating thick cervical mucus and changing the endometrium so implantation is difficult

A

Subcutaneous implants

112
Q

Administer every 12 weeks and contain medroxy progesterone (depo provera) 100% affective

A

intramuscular injections

113
Q

advantages of intramuscular injections

A
  1. highly effective 99.6%
  2. safe, convenient, easy to use
  3. can be used by breast feeding mothers
  4. does not interfere w/ intercourse. easily administer by physcical
  5. Does not contain estrogen, so that the heart & blood - clotting effects do not occur
  6. rapidly effective
114
Q

disadvantages of intramuscular injections

A

1 menstrual irregularities maybe experienced.
weight gain in some women due to increase in appetite

115
Q

A t-shaped plastic device with copper. with progesterone
Must be fitted by physician, nurse,practitioner or midwife. 5-7 year effecicay.

A

Intrauterine devices

116
Q

Intrauterine devices mechanism of action

A
  1. Inactivating the sperm due to the action of the copper
  2. interfering w the transport of sperm in the genital tract due to the production of prostaglandin & enzymes
  3. Seeding the ovum/s transport through the fallopian tubes
117
Q

Effectiveness and precaution of Intrauterine devices

A

98-99%
The IUD should not be given to women w/ pregnancym, active recent recurrent pelvic infections.

118
Q

Advantages of IUD

A
  1. LOW PREGNANCY RATE
    2.easy to remove
  2. inexpensive; can be used for 8 years
    4 requires yearly check up to make sure it is in place
  3. no mess
119
Q

Disadvantages of IUD

A
  1. may feel pain during the first few day
    2.IUD may be expelled
  2. not protected from stds
    side effects:
    spotting or uterine cramping, increased risk for PID
    heavier menstrual flow, dysmenorrhea and rctopic pregnancy
120
Q

Other Barrier methods

A

Spermicidal products
1. diaphragms
2. cervical caps
3. condoms

121
Q

To kill sperm before the sperm enters the cervix

A

Spermicidal agent

122
Q

made up of gel, creams, films, foams, suppositories. It is 82% effective

A

Spermicidal agent / Nanoxynol-9

123
Q

Advantages of Spermicidal agent

A

safe to use, protection agains STDs

124
Q

Disadvantages of Spermicidal agent

A

need to used for every act of coitus, messy and sometimes irritating, temporary skin irritations to the vulva/penis caused by sensitivity

125
Q

Precautions Spermicidal agent

A

Hypersensitivity to the spermicidal foam, jelly, cream/ tablets

126
Q

Mechanically blocks sperm from entering the cervix.soft latex dome supported by a metal rim.can be inserted 2 hours before intercourse; removed at least 6 hours after coitus or within 24 hours. size must fit the individual, washable, may be used for 2-3 years.

A

Diaphragm

127
Q

similar to diaphragm but smaller thimbleshaped rubber cap held onto the cervix by suction.

A

a. Cervical cap

128
Q

Is widely used method both in developing & developed countries. Mechanical barriers covering the penis had been used for protection against pregnancy.

A

a. Male condom

129
Q

Mechanism of action Condom

A

is a rubber sheath worn over an erect penis during sexual intercourse. It acts as barrier that blocks the man’s sperm from entering the vagina in order to prevent pregnancy

130
Q

Effectiveness and advantages of condom

A

Effectiveness 85-87% Advantages: No serious side effects.no prescription. Encourage male participation in contraception

131
Q

disadvantages of condom

A
  1. Decrease sensation 2. New condom should be used for each act of
    coitus 3. Sexual activity is interrupted
132
Q

condom precaution

A
  1. Couples who are allergic to rubber 2. Men who cannot maintain erection while
    using condom
133
Q

Instruction condom

A
  1. Put the condom on the erect penis
  2. Condom can tear be careful with them
  3. Leave 1/2 Inch of empty space at the tip of the condom
    4 Wait until the vaginas well lubricated because condom can tear if the vagina is dry
    5 extra lubrication is needed use water, ky jelly, gel cream
  4. After ejaculation, while the penis is still erect hold on to the rim of the condom withdraw the penis immediately
  5. Check condom for tears throw it away
134
Q

28% of all women in US. Fallopian tubes are cut, tied/cauterized to block passage of ova and sperm.

A

Tubal ligation

135
Q

is the procedure to perform tubal sterilization

A

Laparoscopy

136
Q

Advantages of tubal ligation

A
  1. very effective and safe
  2. no long term side effect
  3. does not interrupt sexual activity
  4. permanent method
137
Q

disadvantages of tubal ligation

A
  1. discomfort during and shortly after the procedure
  2. discomfort of serious bleeding, injury to the internal organs/ infection soon after the procedure
  3. irreversible
138
Q

Almost 11% of all men in US. Incision are made in the side of scrotum; vas deferens is cut and tied. Then plugged or cauterized. It blocks the passage of sperm. The sperm is viable for 6 months post op. It is reversible 95%

A

Vasectomy

139
Q

Advantages of vasectomy

A
  1. very affective (99.5-99.9%)
  2. no long term side effect
  3. does not interfere w sexual activity
140
Q

Disadvantage of vasectomy

A

Client feel some discomfort during and shortly after the procedure

141
Q

complications of vasectomy

A

there is scrotal swelling, discoloration, discomfort & pain, hematomas, wound infection

MATERNAL (8 decks)

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