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MATERNAL > more on anatomy of male and female > Flashcards

more on anatomy of male and female Flashcards

1
Q

care of woman during childbirth

A

Obstetrics

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2
Q

obstare

A

to keep watch

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3
Q

care during pregnancy and post-partum period

A

Obstetrics

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4
Q

productive health specific to women

A

Gynecology

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5
Q

derived from paes- child

A

Pediatrics

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6
Q

two separate entities :

A

maternal care and child health care

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7
Q

Philosophy of Maternal and Child Health Nursing

A
  • maternal and child health nursing is family centered
  • “” community centered
  • “” evidence based = best available science into their practice
  • Maternal and child health nurse serves as an advocate
  • “”” includes a high degree of independent nursing functions (independent = w/o consent of the doctor, dependent = w/ consent)
  • promoting health and disease prevention are important nursing roles
  • Maternal and child health nurses serve as important resources for families during childbearing and childrearing
  • Personal, cultural, and religious attitudes and beliefs influence the meaning and impact of childbearing and childrearing on families
  • Circumstances such as illness or pregnancy are meaningful only in the context of a total life
  • maternal and child health nursing is a challenging role for nurses and a major factor in keeping families well and optimally functioning
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8
Q

GOALS

A

promotion and maintenance of optimal family health

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9
Q

the range of practice includes:

  • pre-conceptual health care
A
  • during three trimesters of pregnancy and puerperium: 6 weeks after child birth to return to their normal condition
  • care of children during the perinatal period ( 6 weeks before conception to 6 weeks after birth) - dapat planned yung pregnancy to prevent abnormalities.
  • custody of children from birth to adolescence
  • care in settings as varied as the birthing room, the pediatric intensive care unit, and the home in all environments and types of care, keeping the family at the center of care delivery is an essential goal.
  • If a family’s level of functioning is low, the emotional, physical, and social health and potential of individuals in that family can be adversely affected.
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10
Q

having children

A

Childbearing

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11
Q

how they are brought up

A

childrearing

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12
Q

The continuum for maternal, newborn and child health usually refers to the

A

continuity of
individual care.

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13
Q

It is the ______ based on integrated service delivery
throughout the life cycle and promote health for
mothers, babies, and children

A

population level or public-health framework

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14
Q

Main objective of DOH motherhood program

A

have full
access to quality maternal health care
services

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15
Q

DOH OBJECTIVES

A
  • collaborating with LGUs in establishing a sustainable, cost-effecting approach of delivering health services…
  • establishing core knowledge base and support systems that facilitate the delivery of quality maternal and newborn health services in the country
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16
Q

FOUR PHASES OF HEALTH CARE ARE:

A

health promotion
Health Maintenance
Health Restoration
Health Rehabilitation

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17
Q

educating parents and children to follow health practices through teaching and role modeling

A

health promotion

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18
Q

intervening to maintain health when risk of illness is present

A

Health Maintenance

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19
Q

using conscientious assessment to be certain that symptoms of illnesses are identified and interventions are begun to return client to wellness most rapidly

A

Health Restoration

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20
Q

prevent complications from illness; helping a client with residual effects achieve an optimal state of wellness and independence helping a client to accept inevitable death

A

Health Rehabilitation

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21
Q

COMMON MEASURES TO ENSURE FAMILY-CENTERED MATERNAL AND CHILD HEALTH CARE PRINCIPLE

A
  • family is the basic unit of the society
  • families represent racial, ethnic cultural, and socioeconomic diversity
  • children grow both individually and as part of a family
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22
Q

NURSING INTERVENTIONS

Key measures:

A
  • consider the family as a whole as well as its individual members
  • encourage families to reach out to their community so that family members are not isolated from their community or from each other
  • encourage family bonding through rooming-in in both maternal and child health hospital settings
  • participate in early hospital discharge programs to reunite families as soon as possible
  • encourage family and sibling visits in the hospital to promote family contacts
  • assess families for strengths as well as specific needs or challenges
  • respect diversity in families as a unique quality of that family
  • encourage families to give care to a newborn or ill child.
  • share or initiate information on health planning with family member so that care is family oriented
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23
Q
  • most nursing theorists address is how nurses should be viewed or what the goals of nursing care should be
  • extensive changes in the scope of maternal and child health nursing
  • help protect not only current health bur also the next generation
A

Nursing Theory

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24
Q

are methods by
which maternal and child health nursing
expands and improves.
-Is the conscientious, explicit, and
judicious use of current best evidence
in making decisions about the care of
patients and can be a combination of
research and clinical expertise.

A

Nursing research and use of
evidence based practice

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25
Q

The worth of evidence rank:

A

level 1 - least one properly designed randomized controlled trial

level 2 - without randomization, well designed cohor, or case control analytic studies

level 3- opinions of respected authorities, based on clinical experience, descriptive studies

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26
Q

Controlled investigation of problems that have implication for nursing practice provides evidence and justification for implementing activities for outcome achievement.

A

NURSING RESEARCH

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27
Q

Although the structures of the
female and male reproductive
systems differ greatly in both
appearance and function, they are
homologues- that is, they arise from

A

the same or matched embryonic
origin.

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28
Q

the study of the
female reproductive organs.

A

Gynecology—

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29
Q

the study of the male
reproductive organs.

A

Andrology

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30
Q

Female Reproductive System
A. External Genitalia

A

Vulva
Mons Veneris
Labia Minora
Labia Majora
Vestibule
Clitoris
Two Skene’s glands
Bartholin’s glands
Fourchette
Hymen

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31
Q

the structures that form the
female external genitalia.

A

Vulva

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32
Q

is a pad of adipose
tissue located over the symphysis
pubis, the pubic bone joint. It is
covered by a triangle of coarse, curly
hairs. The purpose of the mons
veneris is to protect the junction of
the pubic bone from trauma.

A

Mons Veneris

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33
Q

just posterior to the
mons veneris spread two hairless
folds of connective tissue, the labia
minora.

A

Labia minora

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34
Q

before menarche, these folds are___ ; childbearing age, they are ____;

A

fairly small ; firm
and full

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35
Q

after menopause, they are ____ and
again become much smaller. Normally
the folds of the labia minora are pink; the
internal surface is covered with ___, and the external surface with
____

A

after menopause, they are atrophy and
again become much smaller. Normally
the folds of the labia minora are pink; the
internal surface is covered with mucous
membrane, and the external surface with
skin

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36
Q

are two folds of
adipose tissue covered by loose
connective tissue and epithelium that
are positioned lateral to the labia
minora. Covered by pubic hair.

A

Labia Majora

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37
Q

Function of the labia majora

A

serves as
protection for the external genitalia and
the distal urethra and vagina.

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38
Q

is the flattened, smooth
surface inside the labia. The
openings to the bladder (the urethra)
and the uterus (the vagina) both arise
from the vestibule.

A

Vestibule

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39
Q

is a small (approx.. 1-2 cm),
rounded organ of erectile tissue at
the forward junction of the labia
minora. It is covered by a fold of
skin, the prepuce.

A

Clitoris

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40
Q

Function of clitoris

A

the clitoris is sensitive to
touch and temperature and is the center
of sexual arousal and orgasm in a
woman

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41
Q

(paraurethral
glands) are located just lateral to the
urinary meatus, one on each side.
Their ducts open into the urethra

A

Two skene’s glands

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42
Q

(vulvovaginal
glands) are located just lateral to the
vaginal opening on both sides. Their
ducts open into the distal vagina

A

Bartholin’s glands

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43
Q

Function of Two skene’s glands and bartholin’s glands

A

Secretions from both of these
glands help to lubricate the external
genitalia during coitus. The alkaline pH
of their secretions helps to improve
sperm survival in the vagina.

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44
Q

is the ridge of tissue
formed by the posterior joining of
the two labia minora and the labia
majora

A

Fourchette

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45
Q

This is the structure that is sometimes
cut (episiotomy) during childbirth to
enlarge the vaginal opening.

A

Fourchette

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46
Q

Posterior to the fourchette is the
_____

A

perinieal muscle of the perineal body.

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47
Q

Function of perinieal muscle of the perineal body.

A

this is a muscular area and it
is easily stretched during childbirth to
allow for enlargement of the vaginal and
passage of the fetal head.

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48
Q

is a tough but elastic semicircle
of tissue that covers the opening to the
vagina in childhood.

A

Hymen

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49
Q

B. Female Internal Structures

A

Ovaries
Fallopian Tubes
Uterus

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50
Q

are approx.. 4 cm long by 2
cm in diameter and approx.. 1.5 cm
thick, or the size and shape of
almonds. They are grayish white and
appear pitted, or with minute
indentations on the surface. Ovaries,
are located close to and on both sides
of the uterus in the lower abdomen.

A

Ovaries

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51
Q

The function of the two ovaries (the
female gonads)

A

is to produce, mature,
and discharge ova (the egg cells).

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52
Q

An unruptured, glistering, clear,
fluidfilled

A

Graafian follicle (an ovum
about to be discharged).

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53
Q

or a miniature yellow corpus luteum

A

(the structure left behind after the ovum
has been discharged).

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54
Q

two discharge:

A

An unruptured, glistering, clear,
fluidfilled Graafian follicle (an ovum
about to be discharged).
 or a miniature yellow corpus luteum
(the structure left behind after the ovum
has been discharged).

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55
Q

Ovaries have three principal divisions:

A
  1. Protective layer of surface
    epithelium
  2. Cortex
  3. Central medulla
56
Q

where the immature
(primordial) oocytes mature into ova and
large amounts of estrogen and progesterone
are produced.

A

Cortex,

57
Q

which contains the
nerves, blood vessels, lymphatic tissue,
and some smooth muscle tissue.

A

Central medulla,

58
Q

The ovaries produce ___ and
____ and initiate and regulate
_____

A

The ovaries produce estrogen and
progesterone and initiate and regulate
menstrual cycles.

59
Q

After menopause, or cessation of ovarian
function, the uterus, breasts, and ovaries
all undergo ____

A

atrophy or a reduction in size
because of a lack of estrogen.

60
Q

is also
important to prevent osteoporosis, or
weakness of bones, because of
withdrawal of calcium from bones.

A

estrogen secreted by ovaries

61
Q

is incorporated into
estrogen, the production of estrogen is
thought to also keep cholesterol levels
reduced, thus limiting the effects of
atherosclerosis (artery disease) in
women.

A

Cholesterol

62
Q

used to be prescribed for
women at menopause to help prevent
osteoporosis and cardiovascular
disease. However, this type of long-term
estrogen supplementation may
contribute to breast cancer and
cerebrovascular accidents

A

Estrogen

63
Q

 This is the reason that ovarian cancer
continues to be one of the leading
causes of death from cancer in women
(i.e the tumor grows without symptoms
for an extended period).

A

Because they are suspended in position
rather than being firmly fixed in place, an
abnormal tumor or cyst growing on them
can enlarge to a size easily twice that of
the organ before pressure on surrounding
organs or the ovarian blood supply leads
to symptoms of compression.

64
Q

At birth, each ovary contains
approximately ____, which were formed
during the first _____. Although these cells
have the unique ability to produce a
new Individual, they basically
contain the usual components of
cells

A

At birth, each ovary contains
approximately 2 million immature
ova (oocytes), which were formed
during the first 5 months of
intrauterine life. Although these cells
have the unique ability to produce a
new Individual, they basically
contain the usual components of
cells

65
Q

an area of clear
cytoplasm

A

cell membrane

66
Q

containing
chromosomes. The oocytes, like
sperm, differ from all other body
cells in the number of chromosomes
they contain in the nucleus. (Genetic
material)

A

nucleus

67
Q

The nucleus of all other human body
cells contains _____,
consisting of ____ pairs of autosomes
(paired matching chromosomes) and
___pair of sex chromosomes (two ___
sex chromosomes in the female, an ____ sex chromosome pair in the
male).

A

The nucleus of all other human body
cells contains 46 chromosomes,
consisting of 22 pairs of autosomes
(paired matching chromosomes) and
1 pair of sex chromosomes (two X
sex chromosomes in the female, an X
and a Y sex chromosome pair in the
male).

68
Q

In Reproductive cells (______) have only half the
usual number of chromosomes, so
that, when they combine
(f______), the new Individual
formed from them will have the
normal number of _____chromosomes

A

In Reproductive cells (both ova and
spermatozoa) have only half the
usual number of chromosomes, so
that, when they combine
(fertilization), the new Individual
formed from them will have the
normal number of 46 chromosomes

69
Q

arise from each upper corner of the
uterine body and extend outward and
backward until each opens at its
distal end, next to an ovary.

A

Fallopian Tubes.

70
Q

Fallopian tubes are approximately

A

10 cm long in a mature woman.

71
Q

Function of fallopian tube

A

is to convey the
ovum from the ovaries to the uterus
and to provide a place for
fertilization of the ovum by sperm

72
Q

Fallopian tube is anatomically divided into four
separate parts.

A

The interstitial portion\
The isthmus
The ampulla
The infundibular portion

73
Q

the most
proximal division, and the part of the
tube that lies within the uterine wall. This
portion is only about 1 cm in length; the
lumen of the tube is only 1 mm in
diameter at this point

A

The interstitial portion.

74
Q

is the next distal portion. It
is approximately 2 cm in length and like
the interstitial tube, is extremely narrow.
This is the portion of the tube that is cut
or sealed in a tubal ligation, or tubal
sterilization procedure

A

The isthmus

75
Q

is the third and also the
longest portion of the tube. It is
approximately 5 cm in length. It is in this
portion that fertilization of an ovum
usually occurs.

A

The ampulla

76
Q

is the most
distal segment of the tube. It is
approximately 2 cm long and is funnel
shaped. Migration of the ovum is also

A

The infundibular portion

77
Q

may also act as a source of
nourishment for the fertilized egg,
because it contains protein, water,
and salts

A

The mucus produced

78
Q

is a hollow, muscular,
pearshaped organ located in the lower
pelvis, posterior to the bladder and
anterior to the rectum. Uterus is
approximately 5 to 7 cm long, 5 cm wide,
and, in its widest upper part, 2.5 cm deep.

A

Uterus

79
Q

UTERUS In a non-pregnant state, it weighs
_______

A

approximately 60 g.

80
Q

After a pregnancy, the uterus never
returns to its non-pregnant size but
remains approximately

A

9 cm long, 6
cm wide, 3 cm thick, and 80 g in
weight.

81
Q

The function of the uterus is to:

A
  1. Receive the ovum from the fallopian
    tube:
  2. .Provide a place for implantation and
    nourishment:
  3. Furnish protection to a growing fetus:
  4. and, at maturity of the fetus, expel it from
    a woman’s body.
82
Q

The uterus consists of three divisions:

A
  1. The body or corpus
  2. The isthmus,
  3. The cervix.
83
Q

During pregnancy,
the ____ is the portion of the
structure that expands to contain the growing
fetus.

A

body of the uterus

84
Q

The ___ is also the portion that can be
palpated abdominally to determine the
amount of uterine growth occurring
during pregnancy,

A

Fundus

85
Q

of the uterus is a short
segment between the body and the cervix. It is the
portion of the uterus that is most commonly cut
when a fetus is born by a cesarean birth.

A

isthmus

86
Q

is the lowest portion of the
uterus. It represents approximately one third of
the total uterus size and is approximately 2 to 5
cm long.

A

cervix

87
Q

The opening of the canal at the junction
of the cervix and isthmus is _____: the distal opening to the
vagina is the _____

A

The opening of the canal at the junction
of the cervix and isthmus is the internal
cervical os: the distal opening to the
vagina is the external cervical os.

88
Q

Three Separate layers of uterine tissue:

A

endometrium
myometrium
perimetrium

89
Q

is the inner layer of
mucous membrane

A

endometrium

90
Q

is the middle layer of
muscle fibers

A

 myometrium

91
Q

is the outer layer of
connective tissue.

A

perimetrium

92
Q

of the uterus is the
one that is important for menstrual function.
It grows and becomes so thick and responsive
each month under the influence of estrogen
and progesterone that it is capable of
supporting a pregnancy. If pregnancy does
not occur, this is the layer that is shed as the
menstrual flow.

A

Endometrium layer

93
Q

or muscle layer of the
uterus, is composed of three interwoven
layers of smooth muscle, the fibers of
which are arranged in longitudinal,
transverse, and oblique directions.
 This network offers extreme strength to
the organ

A

The myometrium

94
Q

This network offers extreme strength to
the organ.
 Serves the important function of
constricting the tubal junctions and
preventing regurgitation of menstrual
blood into the tubes.

A

myometrium

95
Q

It also holds the internal cervical os
closed during pregnancy to prevent a
preterm birth.

A

myometrium

96
Q

or the outermost layer
of the uterus.
-Serves the purpose of adding strength
and support to the structure.

A

. The perimetrium

97
Q

Male External Structures include:

A

-PENIS
-scrotum
-testes

98
Q

is composed of three
cylindrical masses of erectile tissue in the
penis shaft: two termed the corpus
cavernosa, and a third termed the corpus
spongiosum.

A

Penis

99
Q

explain the erection of

A

The ischiocavernosus muscle at the
base of the penis then contracts, trapping
both venous and arterial blood in the
three sections of erectile tissue and
leading

100
Q

What is being released during sexual excitement that results in dilation of blood flow to the arteries of the penis (engorgement)

A

nitric oxide

101
Q

protects the nerve-sensitive glans at
birth.

A

A retractable casing of skin, the prepuce,

102
Q

is a rugated, skin-covered,
muscular pouch suspended from the
perineum.

A

Scrotum

103
Q

function of scrotum

A

Its functions are to support the testes and
to help regulate the temperature of
sperm.

104
Q

What does scrotal do during cold weather?

A

In very cold weather, the scrotal muscle
contracts to bring the testes closer to the
body;

105
Q

What does scrotal do during hot weather?

A

 In very hot weather, or in the presence of
fever, the muscle relaxes, allowing the
testes to fall away from the body.

106
Q

are two ovoid glands, 2 to 3 cm
wide, that lie in the scrotum

A

Testes

107
Q

Each testes is encased by a protective

A

white fibrous capsule and is
composed of several lobules, with each
lobule containing interstitial cells
(Leydig’s cells) and a seminiferous
tubule.

108
Q

Seminiferous tubules produce

A

spermatozoa.

109
Q

are responsible for the
production of testosterone

A

Leydig’s cells

110
Q

Although spermatozoa are produced in
the testes, they reach maturity,
surrounded by semen, in the external
structures through a complex sequence
of regulatory events.

A

First, the hypothalamus releases GnRH,
which in turn influences the anterior
pituitary gland to release FSH and LH.
 FSH is then responsible for the release of
androgen binding protein (ABP).
 LH is responsible for the release of
testosterone.

111
Q

ABP binding of testosterone
promotes

A

sperm formation

112
Q

What does scrotal do during ho weather?

A

 In very hot weather, or in the presence of
fever, the muscle relaxes, allowing the
testes to fall away from the body.

113
Q

The Male Internal Reproductive Organs:

A
  • Epididymis
  • vas deferens
    -varicocele
  • seminal vesicles
    -ejaculatory ducts
    -prostate gland
  • bulbourethral glands
  • urethra
114
Q

The seminiferous tubule of
each testis leads to a tightly coiled tube
over 20 ft. long.

A

Epididymis.

115
Q

Responsible for conducting sperm from
the tubule to the vas deferens
 and secrete a portion of the alkaline fluid
that will surround sperm at maturity
(semen, or seminal fluid that contains a
basic sugar and mucin, a form of
protein).

A

Epididymis

116
Q

immobile and incapable of
fertilization as they pass or are stored at
the epididymis level.

A

Sperm

117
Q

sperm travels for how many days to the length of epididymis

A

It takes at least 12 to 20 days for them to
travel the length of the epididymis and a
total of 64 days for them to reach
maturity.

118
Q

absence of sperm

A

aspermia

119
Q

20
million sperm/mL

A

oligospermia

120
Q

s an
additional hollow tube surrounded by
arteries
 and veins and protected by a thick
fibrous coating.

A

Vas Deferens (Ductus Deferens)

121
Q

Function of vas deferens

A

it carries sperm from the
epididymis through the inguinal canal
into the abdominal cavity

122
Q

Sperm mature as they pass through the

A

vas deferens.

123
Q

or a varicosity of the
internal spermatic vein, was once
thought to contribute to male subfertility
by causing congestion with increased
warmth in the testes but this appears to
actually make little difference.

A

varicocele

124
Q

(severing of the vas deferens
to prevent passage of sperm) is a popular
means of male birth control.

A

Vasectomy

125
Q

are two convoluted
pouches that lie along the lower portion
of the posterior surface of the bladder and
empty into the urethra by way of the
ejaculatory ducts

A

Seminal vesicles

126
Q

These glands secrete a viscous
alkaline liquid that has a high
sugar, protein, and prostaglandin
content.

A

. Seminal vesicles

127
Q

The two ejaculatory
ducts pass through the prostate gland and
join the seminal vesicles to the urethra.

A

Ejaculatory Ducts

128
Q

is a
chestnut sized gland that lies just below
the bladder.

A

Prostate Gland

129
Q

This is where the urethra passes though, exactly at the center of it like a donut

A

Prostate gland

130
Q

secretes a thin,
alkaline fluid.

A

Prostate gland

131
Q

lie
beside the prostate gland and empty via
short ducts into the urethra.

A

Two
bulbourethral or Cowper’s glands

132
Q

they secrete an alkaline fluid
that helps counteract the acid secretion
of the urethra and ensure the safe
passage of spermatozoa.

A

Two
bulbourethral or Cowper’s glands

133
Q

is derived from the
prostate gland (60%), the seminal
vesicles (30%), the epididymis (5%),
and the bulbourethral glands (5%).

A

Semen

134
Q

is a hollow tube
leading from the base of the bladder,
which, after passing through the prostate
gland, continues to the outside through
the shaft and glans of the penis.

A

Urethra

135
Q

It is approximately 8 in (18 to 20 cm)
long. Like other urinary tract
structures, it is lined with mucous.

A

Urethra

136
Q

Process of Spermatogenesis

A

(sperm maturation begins at 13 years old)

Testes- produce sperm cell and responsible for
the production of the male hormone; testosterone.

Leydig’s cells- produces sperm cell –next- sertoli cells- nourished the sperm cells, “nurse
cells” –next

First, the hypothalamus releases GnRH that
stimulates APG (Anterior pituitary gland)=
secrete FSH & LH = stimulates seminiferous
tubules to produce spermatozoa. –next

Epididymis- maturation of the sperm cells
occurs (12-24 days) –next
Vas deferens- passageway of the mature sperm.
–nextSeminal vesicles- produce sugar fluid known as
fructose to increase motility. –next- Ejaculatory
duct- passageway–next

Prostate gland- secretes fluid that lubricates and
nourished sperm cell. –next

Cowper’s gland-bulbourethral gland- Secretes
alkaline fluid that helps counteract the acid
secretion of the urethra and ensure the safe
passage of the spermatozoa. –next

Urethra- a hollow tube leading from the base
of the bladder continues to the outside through
the shaft and glands of the penis. 8 inches long.

MATERNAL (8 decks)

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