1.1c Energy systems

Question 1

Coupled reaction?

Answer 1

Where the products of one reaction are used in another

Question 2

ATP-PC system?

Answer 2

The body’s ‘turbo system’ - produces energy quickly for maximal bursts, but also depletes quickly.

Question 3

Aerobic system?

Answer 3

Involves the complete breakdown of glucose and can sustain long-term energy production at low-moderate intensity.

Question 4

Reversible reaction

Answer 4

A reaction that can take place in either direction.

Question 5

Glycolytic system?

Answer 5

The partial breakdown of glucose during high intensity effort, resulting in the production of lactic acid.

Question 6

ATP?

Answer 6

energy currency
A high energy compound which is the only immediate available sourse of energy for muscular contraction.

Question 7

Exothermic reaction?

Answer 7

A chemical recation that releases energy.

Question 8

Endothermic reaction?

Answer 8

A chemical recation that absorbs energy

Question 9

Energy?

Answer 9

The capacity to perform work and can exist in chemical, potential and kinetic forms.

Question 10

Where do we get energy?

Answer 10

• Food contains chemical energy. This is digested and stored as potential energy.
• Fuels can be metabolised to create kinetic energy.

Question 11

ATP - adenosine triphosphate?

Answer 11

• universal currency of the human body
• stored inside cytoplasm of the muscle cell

Question 12

How much ATP is readily available?

Answer 12

2 seconds worth

Question 13

What needs to happen to ATP to continue exercising?

Answer 13

ATP needs to be resynthesised by PC

Question 14

what is the controlling enzyme of PC?

Answer 14

creatine kinase

Question 15

what is the fuel for PC?

Answer 15

phosphocreatine

Question 16

what is the controlling enzyme of ATP?

Answer 16

ATPase

Question 17

what part of the ATP/PC system is exothermic

Answer 17

when a high energy bond is broken and energy is released

eg pc = p + c + energy

eg atp = adp + p + energy

Question 18

what part of the ATP/PC system is endothermic

Answer 18

when energy is used to resynthesise

eg adp + p + energy = atp

Question 19

what is the energy yield of the atp/pc system

Answer 19

1:1

Question 20

advantages of the atp/pc system

Answer 20

• PC readily available on site
  -anaerobic so no wait for oxygen
  -simple structured and reactions
  -not fatiguing by-products

Question 21

disadvantages of atp/pc system

Answer 21

-limited stores of pc run out quickly
-once exhausted, can’t be used again until adequate recovery
-inefficient in comparison to other systems

Question 22

fuel of glycolytic system

Answer 22

glycogen/glucose

Question 23

site of glycolytic system

Answer 23

cytoplasm of the muscle cell

Question 24

process of the glycolytic system

Answer 24

-glycogen reacts with glycogen phosphorylase to produce
glucose

-glucose reacts with phosphofructokinase to produce 2x energy and pyruvic acid

-pyruvic acid reacts with lactate dehydrogenase to produce lactic acid

Question 25

by product of glycolytic system

Answer 25

lactic acid - fatigue LA accumulates and causes OBLA inc acidity in muscle cells inhibits enzyme activity

Question 26

energy yield of glycolytic system

Answer 26

1:2

Question 27

strengths of glycolytic system

Answer 27

-no O2 require means quick access -large fueld stores to resynthesis more than atp/pc -relatively few chemical reactions -la can be recycled back into glycogen

Question 28

weakness of glycolytic system

Answer 28

-lactic acid causes muscle fatigue and can only be used for max 3 mins -relatively low atp yield -long recovery to remove la

Question 29

what are the four stages of the aerobic system

Answer 29

-aerobic glycolysis -link reaction -krebs cycle -electron transport chain

Question 30

process of aerobic glycolysis

Answer 30

-glycogen + gpp = glucose -glucose + pfk = pyruvic acid + 2x energy

Question 31

location of aerobic glycolysis

Answer 31

cytoplasm of muscle cell

Question 32

process of the link reaction

Answer 32

-pyruvic acid + coenzyme A = acetyl coa -acetyl coa + oxaloacetic acid = citric acid

Question 33

location of the link process

Answer 33

cytoplasm of muscle cell

Question 34

process of Kreb's cycle

Answer 34

-citric acid oxidised by o2 = 2x energy -co2 is removed -hydrogen leaves

Question 35

location of Kreb's cycle

Answer 35

matrix of mitochondria of muscle cell

Question 36

process of electron transport chain

Answer 36

-H atoms carried by hydrogen carriers nad and fad -H split into ion H+ and electron H- -H+ + o2 = h2o and removed -pairs of H- carried and form nadh2 and fadh2 -release 30 + 4 x energy

Question 37

location of electron transport chain

Answer 37

cristae of mitochondria in muscle cell

Question 38

energy yield of aerobic system

Answer 38

1:38

Question 39

strengths of glycolytic system

Answer 39

-large fuel stored to last hours of activity -large amount of ATP resynthesised from 1 mol of glucose -no fatiguing byproducts

Question 40

weakness of aerobic system

Answer 40

-fatty acids require 15% more oxygen to metabolise and be used -delay of o2 delivery and series of reaction is slow -limited to sub-max work

Question 41

duration and intensity of atp/pc system

Answer 41

short duration (max 10s) max intensity eg 100m sprint in athletics

Question 42

duration and intensity of glycolytic system

Answer 42

medium duration (max 3 mins) high intensity eg 800m in athletics

Question 43

duration and intensity of aerobic system

Answer 43

long duration (>3 mins) low intensity eg marathon run

Question 44

what is the energy continuum

Answer 44

the relative contribution of each energy system to overall energy production

Question 45

energy continuum and intermittent exercise

Answer 45

activity where intensity alternates eg interval training (w:r ratios) or gameplay with breaks or varying intensities -more energy demanding than continuous work -game players physiologically develop all 3 energy systems

Question 46

energy continuum and threshold

Answer 46

the point at which an athletes predominant energy production moves from one energy system to another

Question 47

how does fitness level effect energy continuum

Answer 47

-high Vo2 max max and aerobic capacity means efficient utilisation of great vol of o2 -increased intensity they can perform before obla and increases buffering capacity -oxygen arrives quicker and minimise time in glycolysis -ffa require 15% more oxygen to break down - trained can do this and save glucose