Anatomy and physiology

Question 1

What are synovial joints?

Answer 1

Joints that allow free movement and allow a range of movement.

Question 2

Structure and function of ligaments

Answer 2

A tough band of slightly elastic connective tissue.

Connects bone to bone and stabilises joints during movement.

Question 3

Structure and function of synovial fluid

Answer 3

Lubricating liquid contained within the joint cavity

Reduces friction and nourished articular cartilage

Question 4

Structure and function of articular cartilage

Answer 4

Smooth tissue which covers the surface of articulating bones

Absorbs shock and allows friction-free movement

Question 5

Structure and function of joint capsule

Answer 5

A fibrous sac with an inner synovial membrane

Encloses and strengthens the joint secreting synovial fluid

Question 6

Structure and function of bursa

Answer 6

A closed, fluid-filled sac found where tendons rub over bones

Reduces friction between tendons and bones.

Question 7

What is a plane of movement?

Answer 7

The description of three-dimensional movements at a joint.

Question 8

What is the sagittal plane?

Answer 8

Lies vertically. Divides the body into left and right sides.

e.g. somersaulting in gymnastics

Question 9

What is the frontal plane?

Answer 9

Lies vertically. Divides the body into anterior (frontal) and posterior (back) parts.
e.g. cartwheel in gymnastics

Question 10

What is the transverse plane?

Answer 10

Lies horizontally. Divides body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) parts.
e.g. rotating in the circle when discuss throwing

Question 11

What are examples of the sagittal plane?

Answer 11

Flexion and extension

Question 12

What is flexion?

Answer 12

Decreases the joint angle, usually to the front (anterior) of the body.
eg bicep curl in upwards stage

Question 13

What is extension?

Answer 13

Increases the joint angles, usually to the back (posterior) of the body.
eg bicep curl in downward stage

Question 14

What is dorsi-flexion?

Answer 14

Unique to the ankle joint.
Decreases the joint angle bringing toes closer to tibia (toes up).
eg when preparing to perform a jump shot in basketball.

Question 15

What is plantar flexion?

Answer 15

Unique to ankle joint.
Increases the joint angle moving does further away from the tibia (toes down).
eg when taking off in the high jump.

Question 16

What are examples of the frontal plane?

Answer 16

Abduction and adduction

Question 17

What is abduction?

Answer 17

When a joint moves the articulating bone away from the midline of the body.
eg lateral raises in the upwards stage

Question 18

What is adduction?

Answer 18

When a joint moves the articulating bone closer to the midline of the body.
eg lateral raises in the downwards stage

Question 19

What are examples of the transverse plane?

Answer 19

Horizontal extension, horizontal flexion and extension

Question 20

What is horizontal extension?

Answer 20

When a joint moves the articulating bone away from the midline of the body.
eg the backwards swing of a discuss throw

Question 21

What is horizontal flexion?

Answer 21

When a joint moves the articulating bone closer to the midline of the body
eg the forwards swing of a discuss throw

Question 22

What is rotation?

Answer 22

Occurs at the shoulder and hip joints when an articulating bone turns its longitudinal axis.
Rotation towards the body is medial and away from the body is lateral.

Question 23

What is a hinge joint?

Answer 23

Motion restricted to one plane

eg elbow, knee and ankle joints

Question 24

What is a pivot joint?

Answer 24

A rounded bone that articulates with a ring-shape bone which restricts motion to one plane.
eg the radio-ulnar joint

Question 25

What is a gliding joint?

Answer 25

Almost flat, similar-sized bones that articulate with limited motion in three planes. eg the spine

Question 26

What is a ball and socket joint?

Answer 26

A ball shaped head articulates with a cup-shaped socket to give a large range of motion in all three planes. eg hip and shoulder joint

Question 27

What is a condyloid joint?

Answer 27

Similar to a ball and socket joint with flatter bone surfaces to allow motion in two planes. eg the wrist joint

Question 28

What is a tendon?

Answer 28

A fibrous connective tissue that attaches a muscle to a bone

Question 29

What are muscles composed of?

Answer 29

Composed of many fibres encased in connective tissues forming tendons at either end.

Question 30

What is an agonist?

Answer 30

A muscle responsible for creating movement at the join. | Prime mover

Question 31

What is an antagonist?

Answer 31

A muscle that opposes the agonist providing a resistance for co-ordinated movement.

Question 32

What is a fixator?

Answer 32

A muscle that stabilises one part of the body while another causes movement.

Question 33

What is the agonist and antagonist in wrist flexion?

Answer 33

agonist: wrist flexors antagonist: wrist extensors

Question 34

What is the agonist and antagonist in elbow flexion?

Answer 34

agonist: biceps brachii antagonist: triceps brachii

Question 35

What is the agonist and antagonist in shoulder flexion?

Answer 35

agonist: anterior deltoid antagonist: posterior deltoid

Question 36

What is the agonist and antagonist in hip flexion?

Answer 36

agonist: ilipsoas antagonist: gluteus maximus

Question 37

What is the agonist and antagonist in knee flexion?

Answer 37

agonist: biceps femoris antagonist: rectus femoris

Question 38

What is the agonist and antagonist in ankle dorsi-flexion?

Answer 38

agonist: tibialis anterior antagonist: gastocnemius and soleus

Question 39

How do muscles create force?

Answer 39

muscles create force by contracting, using energy.

Question 40

What is an isotonic muscle contraction?

Answer 40

when a muscle changes length during its contraction. This can occur concentrically and eccentrically.

Question 41

What is a concentric muscle contraction?

Answer 41

When a muscle shortens and produces tension. | The force pulls two bones closer together, causing joint movement.

Question 42

What is a eccentric muscle contraction?

Answer 42

A muscle contraction when a muscle lengthens producing tension. This resists fores, such as gravity, to control joint movement.

Question 43

What is an isometric muscle contraction?

Answer 43

When a muscle lengthens producing tension. This resists forces, such as gravity, to control joint movement.

Question 44

Ankle joint type?

Answer 44

Hinge joint

Question 45

Ankle articulating bones?

Answer 45

tibia, fibula and talus

Question 46

Ankle movement plane?

Answer 46

sagittal plane

Question 47

Ankle agonist muscles in dorsi-flexion?

Answer 47

tibialis anterior

Question 48

Ankle agonist muscles in plantar flexion?

Answer 48

gastrocnemius and soleus

Question 49

Sporting example of ankle movement

Answer 49

Dancers use feet to shape bodily movements. Concentrically contracting gastrocnemius and soleus to plantar flex the ankle joint creating a fully extended finish to the leg in split leap.

Question 50

Knee joint type?

Answer 50

Hinge joint

Question 51

Knee articulating bones?

Answer 51

Femur and tibia

Question 52

Ankle plane of movement?

Answer 52

Sagittal plane

Question 53

Knee agonist muscles in flexion?

Answer 53

Biceps femoris, semitendinosus and semimembranosus

Question 54

Knee antagonist muscles in extension?

Answer 54

Rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus intermedius and vastus medialis

Question 55

Sporting example of knee movement

Answer 55

Concentrically contracts the biceps femoris flexes the knee joint in the preparation phase. Concentrically contracts the rectus femoris extends the knee joint in the execution phase through a large range of motion to generate a large force to apply to the football.

Question 56

Hip joint type?

Answer 56

Ball and socket joint

Question 57

Hip articulating bones?

Answer 57

Pelvic girdle and femur

Question 58

Hip plane of movement?

Answer 58

Sagittal plane Frontal plane Transverse plane

Question 59

Hip sagittal agonist muscles in flexion?

Answer 59

Iliopsoas

Question 60

Hip sagittal antagonist muscles in extension?

Answer 60

Gluteus maximus

Question 61

Hip frontal agonist muscles in adduction?

Answer 61

Adductor longus, adductor brevis and adductor magnus

Question 62

Hip frontal antagonist muscles in abduction?

Answer 62

Gluteus medius and gluteus minimus

Question 63

Hip transverse muscles in medial rotation?

Answer 63

Gluteus medius and gluteus minimus

Question 64

Hip transverse muscles in lateral rotation?

Answer 64

Gluteus maximus

Question 65

Sporting example of hip movement

Answer 65

When olympic weightlifting in the upward phase, the agonist, the gluteus maximus, will concentrically contract to create hip extension while the antagonist, the iliopsoas, co-ordinates the action.

Question 66

Shoulder joint type?

Answer 66

Ball and socket joint

Question 67

Shoulder articulating bones

Answer 67

Humerus and scapula

Question 68

Shoulder plane of movement

Answer 68

Sagittal plane Frontal plane Transverse plane

Question 69

Shoulder agonist muscles in flexion

Answer 69

anterior deltoid

Question 70

Shoulder agonist muscles in extension

Answer 70

Posterior deltoid

Question 71

Shoulder agonist muscles in adduction

Answer 71

latissimus dorsi

Question 72

Shoulder agonist muscles in abduction

Answer 72

Middle deltoid

Question 73

Shoulder agonist muscles in horizontal flexion

Answer 73

Pectoralis major

Question 74

Shoulder agonist muscles in horizontal extension

Answer 74

Posterior deltoid and teres minor

Question 75

Shoulder agonist muscles in medial rotation

Answer 75

Teres major and subscapularis

Question 76

Shoulder agonist muscles in lateral rotation

Answer 76

Teres minor and infraspinatous

Question 77

Sporting example of shoulder movements

Answer 77

star jumps

Question 78

Elbow joint type

Answer 78

Hinge joint

Question 79

Elbow articulating bones

Answer 79

Humerus, radius and ulna

Question 80

Elbow movement plane

Answer 80

Sagittal plane

Question 81

Elbow agonist muscles in flexion

Answer 81

biceps brachii

Question 82

Elbow agonist muscles in extension

Answer 82

triceps brachii

Question 83

Sporting example of elbow movement

Answer 83

In preparation phase, the biceps brachii will concentrically contract to flex the elbow, lowering the ball. In the execution phase, the triceps brachii concentrically contracts to extend the elbow joint through a large range of motion to generate a large force to apply to the ball.

Question 84

Wrist joint type

Answer 84

condyloid joint

Question 85

Wrist articulating bones

Answer 85

radius, ulna and carpals

Question 86

Wrist plane of movement

Answer 86

Sagittal plane

Question 87

Wrist agonist muscles in flexion

Answer 87

wrist flexors

Question 88

Wrist agonist muscles in extension

Answer 88

Wrist extenders

Question 89

Sporting example of wrist movement

Answer 89

basketball player concentrically contract the agonist, the wrist flexors, to flex the wrist as the ball is released in a jump shot. This enables backspin to be put on the ball, causing the ball to 'pop up' from the back board rather than roll off.