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A-Level PE- Anatomy & Physiology > 1.1c- Respiratory System > Flashcards

1.1c- Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

Spirometer

A

measures the air capacity of the lungs

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2
Q

Tidal Volume (TV)

A

Normal volume of air inhaled or exhaled in a normal breath

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3
Q

Vital Capacity (VC)

A

largest volume of air that can be forcibly exhaled after maximum inspiration

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4
Q

Residual Volume (RV)

A

Amount of air remaining in the lungs after a forced exhalation

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5
Q

Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)

A

the volume of additional air that can be forcibly exhaled after a normal exhalation

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6
Q

Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)

A

Amount of air that can be forced in after normal inspiration

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7
Q

Minute Ventilation equation

A

Breathing Rate x Tidal Volume= Minute Ventilation

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8
Q

Breathing Rate (F)

A

number of breaths per minute

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9
Q

Minute Ventilation (VE)

A

Volume of air inspired or expired per minute

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10
Q

Untrained performer at rest- F, VE, TV

A

F- 12-15 breaths per minute

TV- 0.5l

VE- 6-7.5l/min

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11
Q

Untrained performer in exercise- F, VE, TV

A

F- 40-50 breaths per minute

TV- 2.5-3L

VE- 100-150 l/min

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12
Q

Trained athlete at rest- F, VE, TV

A

F- 11-12 breaths per minute

TV- 0.5l

VE- 5.5-6l/min

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13
Q

Trained athlete in exercise- F, VE, TV

A

F- 50/60 breaths

TV- 3-3.5l

VE-160-210ml

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14
Q

Breathing rate and exercise

A

Breathing Rate & Exerise:

  1. It increases in proportion with exerise
  2. It can plateau if a steady intensity
  3. Breathing rate continues to increase during maximal exercise until max 50-60 breaths per min
  4. It decreases after exerise. The rate of which is dependent upon the intersity of exerise in order to repay oxygen debt
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15
Q

Minute ventilation and exercise

A

Minute Ventilation & Excerise

  1. It is a product of both F & TV therefore it increases with exercise intensity
  2. Can plateau during sub max exercise
  3. Increases prior to exercise due to anticipatory rise because of adrenaline
  4. Increases in proportion with exercise intensity at start of exercise
  5. Plateaus at steady state
  6. Decreases after exercise and doesn’t plateau during maximal exercise
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16
Q

2 pressure involved in breathing

A

Atmospheric and Intrapulmonary

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17
Q

What happens if the intrapulmonary volume changes?

A

the intrapulmonary pressure will change also

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18
Q

Intercostal muscles

A

Muscles which move the rib cage during breathing. Contract and relax antagonistically to allow this

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19
Q

Inspiration at rest

A

diaphragm and external intercostals contract pulling ribs up and out to increase the volume within the lungs. This decreases air pressure inside the lungs so air moves in to equalise that pressure

20
Q

Inspiration during exercise

A

External intercostals, pectoralis minor, scalene, and sternocleidomastoid muscles assist by contracting pulling the sternum and ribs up and out further, greater increasing volume in thorax. There will the ne a greater decrease in air pressure in the lungs so more air moves in to meet this demand

21
Q

Expiration at rest

A

external intercostals and diaphragm relax. The sternum and ribs move in and down so volume of thorax decreases. Pressure inside the lungs increases so air moves out of the lungs to equalise it.

22
Q

Expiration during exercise

A

Internal intercostals, rectus abdominus and obliques contract to pull sternum and ribs in and down further while external intercostals and diaphragm relax. Greater decrease in thoracic cavity volume so there will be a greater increase in pressure in the lungs so more air moves out.

23
Q

Which type of intercostal is used in inhalation?

24
Q

Functions of the respiratory system

A

Pulmonary Ventilation and Gas exchange

25
External respiration
movement of oxygen into the blood and carbon dioxide into the lungs
26
Internal respiration
the release of oxygen to respiring cells for energy production and collection of waste products
27
Pathway of air
mouth -> nose -> pharynx -> larynx -> trachea -> bronchi -> bronchioles -> alveoli
28
makeup of blood
55% plasma, 45% cells
29
why is oxygen needed?
needed for cellular respiration so we can produce energy
30
How can oxygen be transported?
Carried with haemoglobin (97%) With blood plasma (3%)
31
How carbon dioxide be transported?
Dissolved in water and carried in carbonic acid (70%) Carried with haemoglobin (23%) Dissolved in blood plasma (7%)
32
Internal gas exchange site
Blood capillary and muscle cell membrane
33
External gas exchange site
Alveoli and blood capillary
34
Gaseous exchange
The movement of gases across a membrane, for example the movement of oxygen out of the alveoli into blood capillaries.
35
Partial pressure (p)
The pressure exerted by an individual gas held in a mixture of gases
36
internal respiration
Exchange of gases between cells of the body and the blood CO2: muscle to capillary O2: capillary to muscle cells
37
External respiration
exchange of gases between lungs and blood CO2: capillary to alveoli O2: alveoli to capillary
38
RCC
Respiratory Control Centre
39
Role of RCC
Sends direction through motor nerves to change rate of respiratory muscle contraction
40
Inspiration centre
Stimulates inspiratory muscles to contract during rest and exercise.
41
Respiratory regulation at rest
Inspiratory centre contracts muscles via: Intercostal nerve to external intercostals Phrenic nerve to the diaphragm. Nerves start at the medulla oblongata
42
Respiratory regulation during exercise
RCC is chemo sensitive IC- chemoreceptors , thermoreceptors, proprioceptors EC- baroreceptors
43
Chemoreceptors
Detect changes in blood acidity and carbon dioxide molecules
44
Thermoreceptors
respond to changes in temperature
45
Propriceptors
Respond to changes in motor activity or muscle activity
46
Baroreceptor
Detect movement of stretch receptors in lungs- inflation of lungs

A-Level PE- Anatomy & Physiology (5 decks)

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