11CAFS core 1 & 3 Flashcards
(144 cards)
1
Q
Define belonging
A
The feeling of a deep connection with a social group or a place. Belonging can also refer to feeling accepted or having a sense of purpose.
2
Q
Describe this aspect of wellbeing: ‘cultural’
A
Cultural wellbeing means embracing diversity and inclusivity whilst connecting with your own culture and traditions
3
Q
SPEECS
A
The factors affecting wellbeing:
Social
Physical
Emotional
Economic
Cultural
Spiritual
4
Q
SEASHE
A
SEASHE is the acronym for specific needs. It stands for: Safety, Education, Adequate standard of living, Sense of identity, Health, and Employment
5
Q
Define community
A
A community is a group of people who all belong and share something like an interest, location, value etc. Eg. a church community shares the activity of going to church and also share christian values
6
Q
Describe this aspect of wellbeing: ‘economic’
A
Economic wellbeing refers to your income and money. It means having enough to pay for essentials and having financial security for the future.
7
Q
What is meant by ‘esteem needs’ and where is this tier placed on Maslow’s hierarchy
A
The esteem needs on Maslow’s hierarchy encompass confidence, self esteem, reputation, respect from others, social status, accomplishment, pride, and believing in oneself. This tier is second from the top.
8
Q
Describe this aspect of wellbeing: ‘emotional’
A
Emotional wellbeing means mental health, emotional regulation, resilience, and maintaining a postive emotional state. Many things influence emotional wellbeing.
9
Q
Define family values
A
Family values are the values you share with your family, likely influenced by your parents
10
Q
Define group wellbeing
A
Group wellbeing considers the needs and wellness of of each and every person in a group. The wellbeing of one member will impact the wellbeing of other members.
11
Q
Define wellbeing
A
Wellbeing is the degree of satisfaction of social, physical, emotional, economic, cultural and spiritual needs that contribute to health, prosperity, ability to function well and quality of life.
12
Q
Define goal
A
An objective someone is trying to reach, achieve or gain
13
Q
Define health
A
According to WHO “Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity”
14
Q
Define balance in a CAFS context
A
Balance is when all wellbeing needs are met and no particular need impedes on another
15
Q
Define illbeing
A
Being deficient in wellbeing, being unwell
16
Q
Define interchangeability of resources
A
Interchangeability is the potential for resources to be shared or exchanged
17
Q
What is Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
A
Maslow’s Hierarchy is a five tier model of human needs proposed by psychologist Abraham Maslow. It illustrates his theory of what needs motivate human behaviour. The needs; physiological needs, safety needs, love and belonging, esteem and self actualization are progressions.
18
Q
Why is Maslow’s Hierarchy relevant, accurate and useful
A
- It is clear and easy to understand
- It is relevant because psychology and the human experience are timeless
- It is useful in understanding human motivations and needs behind behaviour
- Abraham Maslow had three degrees in psychology
19
Q
Why might Maslow’s hierarchy be inaccurate or unreliable
A
- It was proposed in 1943
- It is disputed by psychologists today
- It was not based on the results of a scientific study/experiment
- Some experts argue that there is no linear progression when it comes to needs
- Some experts argue that human connection is the foundational need
20
Q
Define ‘need’
A
A need is something that is vital to survive
21
Q
Describe this aspect of wellbeing: ‘physical’
A
Physical wellbeing is your physical health and functioning.
22
Q
What is the bottom/foundational tier on Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs
A
Physiological needs eg. food, water, sleep
23
Q
How does Maslow describe ‘physiological needs’
A
Physical needs like food, water and sleep.
24
Q
What are ‘personal values’
A
Personal values are the values an individual has
25
What does 'quality of life' mean
The standard to which a persons is healthy, functioning well in life, experiencing happiness, and having their specific needs met.
26
Define 'resource'
Something that can be used to help reach a goal
27
What are the specific needs and what acronym is used for remembering them
The acronym for specific needs is SEASHE which stands for: Safety, Education, Adequate standard of living, Sense of Identity, Health, and Employment
28
Describe 'safety' as a specific need
The need for safety is the need to feel comfortable, protected from physical and emotional harm. For example having a house may help to meet this need.
29
Define 'security'
Having security means feeling safe, comfortable and protected in the present, and knowing that you will be safe, comfortable and protected in future.
30
Describe this aspect of wellbeing: 'social'
Social wellbeing means having healthy interactions with others, healthy realtionships and belonging to a community.
31
What are the factors affecting wellbeing and what is the acronym used to remember them
The acronym is SPEECS which stands for: Social, Physical, Emotional, Economic, Cultural, Spiritual
32
Describe this aspect of wellbeing: 'spiritual'
Spiritual wellbeing is having a sense of purpose, having a healthy outlook on life and having values/morals. For many, spiritual wellbeing is found through religion and a relationship with their God.
33
What does 'standard of living' mean
The degree to which your primary needs for survial are met eg. food, clothing, shelter.
34
What is a sustainable resource
A sustainable resource is a resource that can be continuously replenished. It won't run out or decrease in qaulity.
35
How does Maslow describe 'self actualisation needs' and in what tier is this category placed
"Self-actualisation" is placed in the top tier, so it is the fifth and final progression. Maslow describes self-actualisation as the desire to be the best that one can be. It refers to self-fulfillment and reaching your full potential.
36
Define 'want'
A want is a preference or desire that is not necessary for survival
37
How does Maslow describe 'safety needs' and in what tier is this category placed
'Safety needs' is second from the bottom, it is the second progression. This is the need to feel protected from physical and emotional harm.
38
How does Maslow describe 'love and belonging needs' and in what tier is this category placed
'Love and belonging' is the third tier. 'Love and belonging' is the need to feel accepted, the need to have a place in a group or community, the need for love and the need for affection.
39
How do needs differ from wants
Needs are necessary for survival but wants are not.
40
Give examples of 'wants'
- Fashionable or trendy items
- Desserts and lollies
41
Give an example of how Maslow's Hierarchy can be applied or a case where it has been applied
Maslow's hierarchy is often used by managers to help support wellbeing in the workplace. For example, a workplace supports workers physiological needs with rest breaks, water stations and food. To support safety needs a workplace will provide shelter and make an effort to prevent harrassment. To support love an belonging needs they may run social events. To support esteem needs they will encourage their workers and pay them fairly. To support self-actualisation needs they will provide opportunities for professional development.
42
What is one quote from an expert opposing Maslow's Hierarchy
Psychologist Matthew Lieberman says "Food, shelter, and warmth are not the foundation of our human needs."
43
What does the SMART goals acronym stand for
Specific
Measurable
Attainable/Achievable
Relevant
Time-bound
44
How can the importance of each need differ from person to person
The significance of each need differs depending on values, goals and circumstances. For someone at a socioeconomic disadvantage, employment is likely the most siginificant and pressing need. The most siginifcant need to someone living in a war torn country might be safety.
45
What is a non-human resource
A non-human resource is a tangible object.
46
What is a 'human resource'
A human resources are the skills, abilites and talents of people that can help someone reach a goal.
47
Define 'interchangeability of resources'
Resources are interchangeable, meaning they can be exchanged between people to save time, money, or energy when working towards a goal. Human and non-human resources have interchangeability.
48
Provide an example of resources being interchanged
To put on a play, a skilled painter will paint the set of a play and at the same time, a skilled actor will act in the play to reach the goal in less time. Money is a non-human resource that can be exchanged for other resources like books.
49
Define 'values'
Values are qualities that an individual or group believes to be desirable and important in life
50
What factors influence the availability of and access to resources. What is the acroynm to remember them?
"All Good Children Deserve Sweets & Lollies" which stands for:
Age
Gender
Culture
Disability (eg. literacy, mobility)
Socioeconomic status
Location
51
What is informal support
Support that doesn't come from an established organisation or government effort
52
What is formal support
Support provided by the government, a company or an organisation
53
Define 'personal management skills'
Personal management skills enable a person to exercise control over their attitudes, behaviour and motivation. This helps them to achieve their goals and satisfy their needs. For example, effective communication is a personal managment skill.
54
Provide examples of support networks that can contribute to the satisfaction of specific needs in a variety of situations
Safety - police, emergency services, parents, homeless shelters, women's refuges
Education - Scholarships, subsidised courses, disability inclusion program, parramatta mission library, public libraries, IFL, first nations university entry schemes
Adequate standard of living - Meals plus, homeless shelters, the smith family sponsor child program, parramatta misson clothing donation
Sense of identity - clubs, community activities, family, support groups, minus 18
Health - government subsidy and support for the disabled and/or aging, healthcare services
Employment - JobAccess, superannuation, the salvation army
55
What is verbal communication and what is its significance in CAFS
Verbal communication is communication through words or sign language
56
What is non-verbal communication and what is its significance in CAFS
Non-verbal communication is communication through physical actions, body language, tone and attitude
57
What are the three styles of communication
Assertive, aggressive and passive
58
Describe the aggressive communication style
- Intimidating
- Dominant
- Defensive
- Selfish
- Can effectively get the person's attention
- Can create arguments
- Can disrespect the other person
- Violent gestures
59
Describe the assertive communication style
- Clear
- Direct
- Honest
- Confident
- Self-aware
- Respectful
- Takes the other person into consideration
- Achieve mutual respect
- Gets a clear message across and achieves desired outcome
- Eye contact
60
Describe the passive communication style
- Indirect
- Timid
- Conflict avoidant
- Agreeable
- Disregards own needs
- Does not address anything or work toward an outcome
- Closed off body language (eg. fidgeting, lack of eye contact)
61
What does effective communication look like
- Respectful
- Positive
- Clear expression
- Two sided and conversational
- Assertive
- Showing care and interest
- Honest
- Kind
- Verbal and non-verbal communication
62
What does ineffective communication look like
- Poor verbal communication and/or poor non-verbal communication
- Disrespectful
- Disregarding self or other
- One sided
- Unclear
- Dishonest or withholding information
- Hurried
- Interrupting
- Evasive
63
What are the 5 decision making styles and what is the saying to remember them
"Chris Hopes Richard Is Infertile", which stands for: Impulsive, Intuitive (instinct or feeling), Hesitant, Confident, Rational (logical)
64
What does the SMART acronym stand for
Specific, Measureable, Achievable/Attainable, Relevant, Time-bound
65
What factors influence and individual's decision making
Access to resources, complexity of the problem, personal values, past experiences and advice from others
66
Define resource management
Resource management is how a person controls, organises, and makes use of their resources.
67
What are the personal management skills we have explored in CAFS
- Planning and organising
- Effective communication
- Verbal and non-verbal communication
- SMART goals
- Decision making skills
68
What is the relationship between personal mangement skills and resource management
The personal management skills we have explored in class can help a person access resources and manage them well. For example a person could use effective communication to stand up for their right to particular resources. A person could use planning and organising skills to manage their resources.
69
Why do we need to develop our skills in personal management
So that we can...
- meet our needs and wants
- achieve our goals
- communicate effectively
- solve problems and make decisions
- improve our ability to cope with change
70
What does resource management have to do with what we have been learning in core 1?
Nesa explains that "This module emphasises the fundamental importance of the skill of resource management, which is the use of resources to satisfy needs in order to achieve wellbeing"
71
What is the Core 3 topic called and what is NESA's description of the module?
Families and Communities. NESA describes this module as " an insight into family structures and communities and the roles
individuals adopt within each. The module requires students to examine how constant change challenges
families and communities, and that both informal and formal support available can assist them to manage
the change effectively.
The module recognises socialisation as a lifelong process that is influenced by both the family and other
groups within the community"
72
Define socialisation
Socialisation is the lifelong process by which individuals learn and recognise patterns of behaviour expected of them by society. Socialisation can provide an individual with the skills and habits necessary for participating within his or her own society.
73
What are the 11 family structures?
- adoptive
- blended
- de facto
- extended
- foster
- nuclear
- sole parent
- kinship
- same-sex couple
- childless
- communal
74
Individual family members take on roles to achieve one or more of three objectives...
- Promoting wellbeing
- Building relationships
- Satisfying specific needs
75
What kind of role/s might an individual adopt within their family to help satisfy specific needs?
- Contribute human resources (time, knowledge, skills) to meet needs such as:
Education (e.g. helping with homework or teaching life skills)
Safety and security (e.g. supervision of children)
Adequate standard of living (e.g. cooking, cleaning)
- Take on socioemotional roles to support a family member’s sense of identity (e.g. encouragement, emotional support, positive communication)
- Provide primary needs to satisfy adequate standard of living, including: Preparing meals, Providing shelter
- Earning income for essentials (e.g. rent, bills). Parents often satisfy the specific need of employment on behalf of their children by working to support the household financially
- Meet the health need by: Paying for medical care (e.g. doctor visits, prescriptions), providing first aid, referring to a medical professional, checking in on family members
76
What kind of role/s might an individual adopt within their family to help promote wellbeing
- enrolling children in school
- enrolling children in sports
- modeling emotional regulation
- promoting healthy eating
- modeling fitness
77
What kind of role/s might an individual adopt within their family to help build relationship
- socioemotional roles eg. mediating disputes, organising quality time as a family, offering care and attention to other family members
78
Define the family structure: Blended
A blended family is a family structure where one or both partners have at least one child from a previous relationship and may also have biological children together. It typically includes a mix of biological and step-parenting roles and can be formed through marriage or by entering a committed relationship that brings the partners and their children together as one family unit.
79
Define the family structure: Communal
A communal family is a group of families, or individuals either related or unrelated, living and sharing resources together.
80
Define the family structure: De Facto
A de-facto family is where a couple of the opposite or same sex live together in the same household but are not married to each other; they are
partners, common-law husband and wife,
boyfriends or girlfriends. Their lifestyle is similar to that of a married couple.
81
Define the family structure: Extended
An extended family can be defined as immediate family living with at least one relative from their extended family.
82
Define the family structure: Foster
A foster family is an individual or couple who has been formally authorised by a child protection authority to provide temporary or long-term care in their home for children who are unable to live safely with their birth families.
83
Define the family structure: Nuclear
A nuclear family structure can be defined as a married heterosexual couple and their offspring
84
Define the family structure: Kinship
A kinship family structure is common amongst indigenous communities. In this family structure, children and young people are cared for by a relative, family member, close friend or a member of the community’.
85
How might the ways one family structure satisfies their specific needs differ from the ways another family structure satisfies specific needs
People generally assume different roles in different family structures. For example a sole parent may work full time and be a primary caregiver, a nuclear family may adopt traditional gender roles etc. Different family structures also have different challenges. For example a sole parent family might live off of a sole income, a same-sex couple family may face discriminatation etc.
86
What differentiates a communal family structure from other family structures when it comes to satisfying specific needs?
A communal family will often delegate roles with the objective to satisfy specific needs. They will share human resources such as knowledge, emotional support and skills to satisfy needs. For example, family members may take turns cooking. By providing food and relieving other members of tasks, they satisfy the specific needs "adequate standard of living" and "health". They may also share non human resources such as money.
87
What differentiates a blended family structure from other family structures when it comes to satisfying specific needs?
When blended families form, they must navigate the distribution of roles to satisfy specific needs. One parent may play the primary role in satisfying the needs of their biological child/ren or both may contribute equally.
88
What differentiates an adoptive family structure from other family structures when it comes to satisfying specific needs?
Adoptive parents are assessed to ensure they have the resources to satisfy the needs of the child. Most importantly, they will need to provide safety, security and an adequate standard of living.
89
What differentiates a childless family structure from other family structures when it comes to satisfying specific needs?
Childless families need less resources to satisfy specific needs such as adequate standard of living because they have less members.
90
What differentiates a de facto family structure from other family structures when it comes to satisfying specific needs?
De facto families are often flexible. How they choose to distribute resources such as money and tasks such as supervising children might change. For instance a de facto couple may have two separate jobs and bank accounts at first but then decide that one partner will work to satisfy the employment need while the other cares for their child, satisfying education, safety and security needs.
91
What differentiates an extended family structure from other family structures when it comes to satisfying specific needs?
- Having an extended family member such as a grandparent can improve the satisfaction of specific needs by covery another adult role such as cooking to satisfy adequate standard or living or supervising to satisfy safety and security.
- Elderly family members may need extra support due to greater health needs.
92
What differentiates a foster family structure from other family structures when it comes to satisfying specific needs?
Foster carers are assessed to ensure they have the resources to satisfy the needs of the child. Most importantly, they will need to provide safety, security and an adequate standard of living. Satisfying the need "sense of identity" can be challenging for foster families. Children in foster care are moved houses and away from loved ones, they may also lose touch with their cultural heritage.
93
What differentiates a nuclear family structure from other family structures when it comes to satisfying specific needs?
Nuclear family structures are more likely to follow traditional gender roles. The father may have the responsibility of satisfying the specific need "employment" while the mother may have the responsibility of satisfying the specific need "adequate standard of living".
94
How are the family role objectives "promoting wellbeing" and "satisfying specific needs" any different from one other?
"Promoting wellbeing" means demonstrating or advertising wellbeing while "satisfying specific needs" means practically meeting needs.
95
Define community
Adoptive parents are assessed to ensure they have the resources to satisfy the needs of the child. Most importantly, they will need to provide safety, security and an adequate standard of living.
96
What are the 7 influences on socialisation
- Media
- Online networks
- Relatives
- Print and digital information
- Paid carers
- Peers
- Health professionals
97
What does the acronym MORPPPH stand for
The seven influences on socialisation:
- Media
- Online networks
- Relatives
- Print and digital information
- Paid carers
- Peers
- Health professionals
98
What are the stages of life
- infancy
- childhood
- adolescence
- adulthood
- the aged
99
How might media influence an individual's socialisation?
Media is designed to reach a large number of people, therefore it impacts on the socialisation of many.
- creating, reinforcing or breaking down stereotypes
- creating an awareness of global issues and campaigns
- providing role models that behave in a certain way or align with a certain image
- creating an understanding of others by showing different cultures and people of different status
- creating or busting fake news
- establishing or breaking down gender roles
100
How might online networks influence an individual's socialisation?
- online profiles that enable people with similar interests and backgrounds to connect, regardless of proximity
- a sense of belonging achieved through online groups
- fostering empathy and tolerance
- providing instant gratification from likes online can have positive and negative impacts
101
How might relatives influence an individual's socialisation?
- share values and foster these values in children
- reinforce cultural norms
- parents sanction certain behaviours
- parents reward certain behaviours
- parents tell their children what behaviour is expected of them eg. telling them to use their manners
- families often function according to gender roles
102
How might peers influence an individual's socialisation?
- an individual may copy peer behaviour in order to feel a sense of belonging
- adolescents and young adults closely observe how their peers behave as they challenge family values, become less dependant on their famly and seek belonging outside of their family
- peers demonstrate social and communication skills
- the individual can learn to problem-solve and resolve conflict through dealing with situations such as peer pressure
- peers exhibit gender roles
- learn empathy
103
How might paid carers influence an individual's socialisation?
- setting expectations and rules for behaviour
- sanctioning certain behaviours
- rewarding certain behaviours
- encouraging education and participation in learning
- providing opportunities for positive risk taking which can result in natural consequences or rewards
- learning empathy and tolerance in a social setting eg. daycare
- exhibiting gender roles eg. 97% of paid carers in preschools are women
104
How might print and digital information influence an individual's socialisation?
- current and accurate data
- moulding and shaping young people's behaviour eg. print and digital information in PDHPE teaches adolescents the consequences of risk behaviour, childrens books teach children empathy and communication skills
105
How might health professionals influence an individual's socialisation?
- health professionals advice is often taken more seriously because they are qualified
- promote healthy behaviours eg. exercise
- provide advice on what is normative and healthy when it comes to private or taboo subjects
- checking that infants and young children are meeting their milestones eg. speech
- speech pathologists teach communication behaviours
- Behavioural therapists, paediatric OTs, and paediatric psychologists can help children with behavioural issues manage impulse control and emotional dysregulation, they may also help children with ASD develop social skills
- psychologists can help people work through mental health issues that present in their behaviour
106
What is meant by "construction of gender"
Enforcing or encouraging gender roles and stereotypes
107
How can the construction of gender influence socialisation? (as in how does it influence behaviour. Positive and negative effects are discussed on another flashcard).
- Reinforces binary career path expectations (e.g. nurses vs builders)
- Defines polarised family roles (e.g. caregiver vs breadwinner)
- Shapes emotional expression (e.g. boys discouraged from crying, girls expected to be socioemotional)
- Limits leisure choices (e.g. dance for girls, sport for boys)
- Restricts clothing and appearance norms
- Discourages behaviours outside gender norms
108
Provide an example of when gender roles and stereotypes that encourage males to behave in a ceratain way and females to behave in a certain way impact positively on individuals and groups
- predetermined roles promote group cohesiveness and productivity
- can promote a sense of identity
109
Provide an example of when gender roles and stereotypes that encourage males to behave in a ceratain way and females to behave in a certain way impact negatively on individuals and groups
-Men may feel they shouldn't talk about their emotions, which has contributed to higher male suicide rates.
- Gender expectations encourage men to express emotion through aggression, contributing to higher rates of domestic violence.
- Women may experience burnout from being expected to raise children, maintain a career, and manage domestic tasks.
- Men are often discouraged from leisure activities seen as feminine (e.g. fashion, dance, gymnastics).
- Misogyny has informed gender expectations, positioning women as servants and men as dominant figures with power, autonomy, and authority — expected to lead, achieve, and control.
- People who don’t fit gender expectations may struggle with their sense of identity (e.g. infertile women may feel purposeless; men who enjoy fashion may have their sexuality questioned).
- Young boys may feel pressure to reject sensitivity and socioemotional behaviour in order to prove masculinity, which can contribute to casual racism or bullying in school environments.
- Power imbalance in relationships: men positioned as dominant
- Women are expected to be submissive: their voices being dismissed
110
Communites operate on four levels (or recieve support from an organisation that operates on a larger scale eg. small communites benefit from services organised by the national government)
- Local
- State
- National
- Global
111
What local services organise a community
- council
112
What state services organise a community
- NSW government
113
What national services organise a community
- The Australian Government
114
What global services organise a community
The UN (influences the national government which then plays a role in community organisation)
115
Is PBS also the acronym for roles individuals adopt within communities?
yes
116
Provide examples for how community services satisfy specific needs within the community.
Satisfying specific needs
- homeless shelters satisfying "safety and security" as well as "adequate standard of living"
- the Salvation Army clothing donation bins satisfy "adequate standard of living"
- domestic violence refuges satisfying "safety and security" as well as "adequate standard of living"
- the Royal Flying Doctor Service satisfying "health"
- hospitals satisfying "health"
- Life Education (healthy harold) satisfying "education"
- Disability Employment Australia satisfying "employment"
117
When it comes to decision making in communities, CAFS focuses on these four influences:
- Legislation
- Environmental factors
- Lobbying and community petitions
- Protesting
118
Official decisions can be made one of five ways:
- Arbitration
- Consensus
- Election
- Voting
- Referendum
119
What is arbitration?
Arbitration is a process where the parties present arguments and evidence to an independent third party, the arbitrator, who makes a legally binding determination.
120
Provide examples for how community services build relationships within the community.
- Parramatta Mission has spaces for chatting and community connection
121
Provide examples for how community services promote wellbeing within the community.
- PCYC
122
Why do we learn how community decisions are made and what influences them?
It is important to have the context for understanding communities, their functioning and their wellbeing. Decisions affect both aspects of a community.
123
What are the types of change affecting families and communities?
- planned
- unplanned
- internal
- external
- temporary
- permanent
124
How do families and communities cope with change
- accessing informal and formal support
- managing environmental change with initiatives such as the NSW rural fire service backburning
- new legislation
- technology
125
What are the major influences on an infant's socialisation
- Parents
- Paid carers
126
What are the major influences on a child's socialisation
- Parents
- Paid carers (eg. teachers)
- Peers
127
What are the major influences on an adolescent's socialisation
- Peers
- Parents
128
How would you structure a 4 mark response?
(half page)
x1 body paragraph broken down into:
- topic sentence
- introduce + define key terms
- provide explanation about what the question is asking
- example
- link example back to the question
129
How would you structure a 6 mark response?
(2/3 - 1 page)
- x2 body paragraphs (no intro/conclusion paragraph) broken down into:
- topic sentence
- introduce + define key terms
- provide explanation about what the question is asking
- example
- link example back to the question
(repeat structure for second body paragraph)
130
Define family
A group of two or more people who are related because of blood, step relation, adoption, marriage or a de facto relationship, and who are usually resident in the same household. Though the members of a communal family may not all be related, they are considered family because they function as one.
131
What is the age range for infancy
birth to age 3
132
What is the age range for childhood
3-12
133
what is the age range for adolescence
12-18
134
what is the age range for the adulthood
18-65
135
what is the age range for "the aged"
65 and over
136
How would you structure a 10 mark response?
(2 pages)
- introduction paragraph that includes:
- demonstration of content knowledge (e.g. listing all of an acronym
- any necessary definitions
- x2-3 body paragraphs (dependent on question) that includes:
- topic sentence
- define any necessary key terms
- provide explanation about what the question is asking
- detailed example
- link example back to the question
(repeat structure for all body paragraphs)
- conclusion paragraph
- 2-3 sentences to summarise
137
Other than age, what characterises Infancy
Intense growth and dependance on family to fulfill their needs.
138
How does socialisation occur for an infant
- Infants are entirely dependant on their primary caregiver/s. Infants learn social and communication behaviours from their parent/s, and as they age, will begin to interpret values from their parent's behaviour. From as early as six months, infants can begin daycare and learn from the behaviours of paid carers. Parents and paid carers will encourage behaviours such as manners and sanction behaviours such as violence.
139
How does socialisation occur for a child
- Oxford bibliographies asserts that "Influence processes occurring between parents and children have long been considered as the first and most important locus of socialization that lays the foundations for later changes as the child interacts with the wider world."
- Children are dependant on their parents. The behaviour a child's parent/s exhibit, encourage or sanction influences their socialisation to a significant extent
- As they enter childhood, children start school. They learn classroom expectations from teachers and social expectations from peers.
140
How does socialisation occur for an adolescent
- Adolescents are more likely to participate in risk behaviours such as drug use or drinking alcohol compared to the earlier life stages. Adolescents with a close relationship to their parent/s are less likely to partake in risk behaviours. Through communication with their parent/s adolescents learn the consequences of risk taking behaviours.
- In preparation for adulthood and as they begin to develop individual identity, Adolescents seek to belong in groups outside of their family. Adolescents look to their peers for an understanding of what behaviour is expected of them by society. Peers can challenge or reaffirm family values.
141
My example from a scientific study that shows the importance of socialisation during infancy and childhood
A 2013 study on "Talking to children matters: Early language experience strengthens processing and builds vocabulary" conducted by "Psychol Sci" found that "more exposure to child-directed speech not only provides more models for learning words but also sharpens infants’ emerging lexical processing skills, with cascading benefits for vocabulary learning."
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Other than age, what characterises childhood
Social development, learning, boundaries for behaviour set by their school
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Other than age, what characterises adolescence
A desire for independance and autonomy.
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How are the influences on socialisation "media", "print and digital information" and "online networks" any different?
Media = content designed to influence or inform large audiences.
- Television
- Radio
- Newspapers and magazines
- Social media
Print and Digital Information =
designed to provide factual or instructional content
- Books and textbooks
- Brochures or pamphlets
- Websites with educational articles
- Instructional videos (e.g. clickview)
Online Networks = interactive digital spaces where people connect, communicate, and form communities.
- Online forums (e.g. Reddit, parenting forums)
- Support groups (e.g. Beyond Blue chatrooms, autism community groups)
- Social media as a social network (e.g. Facebook groups)
