1.2

Question 1

Positive ion

Answer 1

Cation

Question 2

Negative ion

Answer 2

Anion

Question 3

What is an alpha particle

Answer 3

Clusters of 2 protons and 2 neutrons

Helium nuclei

Question 4

What is a B particle

Answer 4

Fast moving electron

Question 5

What is gama rays

Answer 5

High energy electromagnetic radiation

Question 6

What is a positron

Answer 6

Anti electron

Positive B particle

Question 7

What happens during electron capture

Answer 7

Proton rich nucleus absorbs an inner shell electron

The electron combines with a proton to form a neutron

Question 8

Define half life

Answer 8

Time taken for the radioactivity of a radioisotope to fall to half its original value

Question 9

What is an atomic orbital

Answer 9

Region in an atom that can hold up to 2 electrons with opposite spins
Region of space around the nucleus where there is a high probability of finding an electron of a given energy

Question 10

Number of protons =

Answer 10

• atomic number

* number of electrons

Question 11

Number of neutrons =

Answer 11

Mass number - atomic number

Question 12

What is atomic number

Answer 12

Number of protons in the nucleus of an atom

Question 13

What is mass number

Answer 13

the number of protons + the number of neutrons in the nucleus of an atom

Question 14

What is an isotope

Answer 14

atoms having the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons

Question 15

Why do electrons in an orbital have opposed spins

Answer 15

Minimises the effect of repulsion

Question 16

S orbital

Answer 16

Spherical

2 electrons

Question 17

P orbital

Answer 17

Dumb-bell shape
3 at right angles
6 electrons

Question 18

Which is filled first 4s or 3d?

Answer 18

4s

Question 19

Which configuration numbers are not as expected

Answer 19

Chromium and copper

Both end in 4s1

Question 20

What is the molar first ionisation energy

Answer 20

Energy required to remove one electron from each atom in one mole of its gaseous atoms to form one mole of gaseous ions

Question 21

What is the equation to show the first ionisation energy

Answer 21

X(g) –> X+(g) + e-

Question 22

What are the three factors that affect ionisation energy

Answer 22

Nuclear charge
Electron shielding
Distance of outer electron from nucleus

Question 23

Nuclear charge effect on ionisation energy

Answer 23

Greater nuclear charge = greater attractive force on outer electron

Question 24

Electron shielding effect on ionisation energy

Answer 24

More filled inner shells or subshells = smaller attractive force on the outer electron

Question 25

Distance of outer electron from nucleus effect on ionisation energy

Answer 25

Greater distance = smaller attractive force on outer electron

Question 26

What is electron shieldinh

Answer 26

Repulsion between electrons in different shells | Inner electrons repel outer shell electrons

Question 27

What is successive ionisation energies

Answer 27

Measure of the energy needed to remove each electron in turn until all the electron are removed from an atom

Question 28

Give the third ionisation energy of sodium

Answer 28

Na2+(g) ---> Na3+ + e-

Question 29

Why do successive ionisation energies always increase

Answer 29

* greater effective nuclear charge as same number of protons holding fewer electrons * less electron shielding with each electron * as distance decreases the nuclear attraction increases

Question 30

What does a large increase in successive ionisation energies show

Answer 30

Electron has been removed from a new shell closer to the nucleus and gives the group to which the element belongs

Question 31

Which group is an atom that has a large energy jump between 3rd and 4th ionisation energy

Answer 31

Group 3

Question 32

What is light

Answer 32

A form of electromagnetic radiation

Question 33

Equation for frequency and wavelength of light

Answer 33

C = f(lamda) | C is speed of light

Question 34

Equation for frequency of electromagnetic radiation and energy

Answer 34

``` E = hf H = plancks contant ```

Question 35

If frequency increaes

Answer 35

Energy increases | Wavelength decreases

Question 36

Describe absorption spectra

Answer 36

Energy is absorbed from a light causing electrons to move from a lower energy level to a higher one Dark lines against a bright background

Question 37

Describe emission spectra

Answer 37

Energy is emitted as electrons fall back from higher energy level to a lower one Coloured lines against a black background

Question 38

State what happens in the nucleus of an atom when a beta particle forms

Answer 38

Neutron decays to form a proton and an electron | The nucleus emits the electron