largest organelle in cytoplasm 10-20 um double membrane- outer is continuous with the rough endoplasmic reticulum

1.2 Flashcards by Lois Vobe

What is the typical size of an eukaryotic cell

30 micrometers um

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What is a eukaryotic cell

Cells contains DNA in chromosomes in a nucleus and possess membrane-bound organelles

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Size of mitochondria

1-10 micrometers um

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Function of mitochondria

Site of aerobic respiration, producing ATP

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Where is mitochondria present

All cells

Higher number in metabolically active cells eg muscles and liver

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Chloroplast function

Site of aerobic respiration

Contain chlorophyll

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Function of the nucleus

Contains DNA which codes for protein synthesis

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Nucleus structure

largest organelle in cytoplasm
10-20 um
double membrane- outer is continuous with the rough endoplasmic reticulum

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Nucleolus function

Produces rRNA/ribosomes

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Nucleolus structure

Small spherical structure

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Nuclear envelope function

Separates DNA from rest of the cell

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Nuclear envelope structure

Double membrane with a space inbetween

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Nuclear pore function

Allows movement of ribosomes out of the nucleus

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Nuclear pore structure

The space in between the nuclear envelope

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Nucleoplasm function

Contains chromatin which condenses to form chromosomes during cell division

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Nucleoplasm structure

Material inside the nucleus

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Function of mitochondria

Site of aerobic respiration

ATP synthesis

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Mitochondria structure

cylindrical shape - easier for Oxygen to diffuse
self- replicating due to ribosomes and loops of DNA
inner membrane folded to cristae - increase surface area for enzyme attachment during respiration
matrix which contains 70s ribosomes and circle of DNA

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Where is mitochondria present

All cells but in higher number in metabolically active cells eg muscle, liver and sperm cells

Chloroplast function

Site of photosynthesis and contains chlorophyll

Chloroplast structure

self-replicating due to 70s ribosomes and circular DNA
thylakoid increases surface area to absorb sunlight
stroma contains 70s ribosomes and circle of DNA
plant cells only
granum which is stacks of thylakoids

Similarities between mitochondria and chloroplasts

found in cytoplasm
double membrane
contain DNA
folded internal membrane
70s ribosomes
self-replicating

Differences between mitochondria and chloroplasts

M animal and plant/Ch plant only
M aerobic respiration and ATP synthesis/ Ch photosynthesis and contains chlorophyll
M cristae/ Ch thylakoid

Function of both endoplasmic reticulums

Extensive transport system which is involved in the collection, storage and distribution of molecules

Rough endoplasmic reticulum function

Protein synthesis and transport

Endoplasmic reticulum structure

* complex system of double membrane | * continuous with the nuclear membrane

Rough endoplasmic reticulum structure

* ribosomes attached to surface | * parallel double membrane

Function of smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Lipid synthesis

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum structure

Membrane not parallel | No ribosomes

Ribosomes function

Protein synthesis and translation

Ribosomes structure

* chemical components - rRNA and protein * small sub unit - mRNA attachment site * large sub unit - tRNA attachment site * in cytoplasm and attached to the rough endoplasmic reticulum

Golgi body function

* modification and packages proteins into vesicles for export * transport and storage of lipids * produces glycoproteins and lysosomes

Golgi body structure

Stacks of flattened sacks

How is the Golgi body formed

* small vesicles containing polypeptides are pinched off from the rough endoplasmic reticulum * number of vesicles fuse to make a Golgi body

How does the Golgi body send materials to the cell membrane

* small vesicles pinched off from the Golgi body * chemicals/materials in the secretory vesicles can be secreted when the vesicle moves to the cell membrane for exocytosis

Lysosomes function

• digest worn out organelles within the cell and foreign material that has been engulfed by phagocytosis

Lysosomes structure

* small, single membrane-bound vacuoles that are pinched off the Golgi body * contain the digestive enzyme lysozyme

Centrioles function

* during cell division- they migrate to separate poles of the cell and produce spindle fibres * this assists the movement of chromosomes

Centrioles structure

* two rings of microtubules at right angles to each other * in animal cells and protoctistans * absent from higher plant cells

Vacuole function

* supporting soft plant tissues | * store chemicals such as glucose and amino acids in the cell saps

Vacuole structure

* large central vacuole surrounded by the tonoplast | * plant cells only

Cell walls function

* provides strength to cell wall - resists expansion of vacuole * transport of water and dissolved molecules and ions through gaps in cellulose fibres - apoplast pathway

Plasmodesmata function

* communication between cells via pores in the cell walls * cytoplasmic bridges to facilitate efficient exchange of signalling molecules between neighbouring cells * establishes living bridges between cells

Plasmodesmata structure

* plant cells only | * plasma membrane, cytoplasmic sleeve, desmotubule

What is a prokaryotic cell

Single-celled organism lacking membrane-bound organelles

What does the cell theory state

New cells are formed from other existing cells and that the cell is a fundamental unit of structure, function and organisation in all living organisms

What is different about prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells

* lack of membrane-bound organelles * no nucleus loops of DNA * 70s ribosomes not 80s * murein cell wall * mesosome for aerobic respiration