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12 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs?

A

A psychological theory suggesting that human motivation is structured in a pyramid-like hierarchy, starting with physiological needs and moving up to safety, love and belongingness, esteem, and self-actualisation.

Maslow’s theory implies that lower-level needs must be satisfied before individuals can focus on higher-level needs.

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2
Q

What is ‘Self-actualisation’ in Maslow’s Hierarchy?

A

The highest level, referring to realizing personal potential, self-fulfillment, seeking personal growth, and peak experiences.

Example: An artist dedicating their life to perfecting their craft and expressing themselves fully through their art.

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3
Q

What are Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages?

A

A theory that personality develops throughout life in a series of eight psychosocial stages, each involving a conflict that must be resolved, emphasizing social influences and lifelong personality growth.

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4
Q

What is the focus of Freud’s Psychosexual Theory?

A

Biological instincts (sexual and aggressive drives).

Freud’s theory ends in adolescence with the Genital stage.

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5
Q

What is the focus of Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory?

A

Social and psychological development across the lifespan.

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6
Q

What is the psychosocial conflict for ‘Adolescence’ (12-18 years) in Erikson’s theory?

A

Identity vs. Role Confusion.
Positive Outcome (Virtue Developed): Identity (strong self-concept, clear life direction).

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7
Q

What is the psychosocial conflict for ‘Middle Adulthood’ (40-65 years) in Erikson’s theory?

A

Generativity vs. Stagnation.
Positive Outcome (Virtue Developed): Generativity (sense of purpose, mentoring, contribution to society).

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8
Q

What is Basic Anxiety according to Horney?

A

A deep feeling of insecurity and fear of the world as a threatening place, arising in childhood due to lack of warmth, stability, or affection from caregivers.

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9
Q

Describe the ‘Moving Toward People’ (Compliance) coping strategy according to Karen Horney.

A

Seeking approval, affection, and support from others to feel secure.

Example: A person who always tries to please others and avoids conflict.

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10
Q

Describe the ‘Moving Against People’ (Aggression) coping strategy according to Karen Horney.

A

Gaining power, control, and dominance to overcome feelings of insecurity.

Example: A competitive individual who dominates others to feel superior.

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11
Q

What are Freud’s three ‘Levels of Consciousness’?

A
  • Conscious Mind: Aware thoughts and perceptions
  • Preconscious Mind: Easily recalled thoughts and memories
  • Unconscious Mind: Repressed memories, desires, and instincts influencing behavior unknowingly.
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12
Q

Define Freud’s ‘Id’.

A

The primitive, instinctual part of the personality that seeks immediate gratification.

Principle: Pleasure Principle (Seeks pleasure and avoids pain).

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13
Q

Define Freud’s ‘Superego’.

A

The moral and ethical component of personality representing societal norms and values.

Principle: Morality Principle (Focuses on right and wrong).

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14
Q

What is the age range and erogenous zone for Freud’s ‘Oral Stage’?

A

Age Range: 0–1 years.
Erogenous Zone: Mouth.
Fixation Impact: May lead to habits like smoking or excessive eating.

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15
Q

What characterizes Type A Personality?

A

Highly competitive, always in a hurry, impatient, multitasking, and prone to high-stress levels.

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16
Q

What characterizes Type B Personality?

A

Less competitive, values participation over winning, patient, and has low-stress levels.

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17
Q

What is Repression?

A

An unconscious defense mechanism that pushes unacceptable thoughts and memories from conscious awareness into the unconscious mind.

Example: A person who was abused as a child has no memory of the abuse.

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18
Q

What is Projection?

A

Attributing one’s own unacceptable thoughts or feelings to another person.

Example: A person who is attracted to someone accuses their partner of cheating.

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19
Q

What is Displacement?

A

Redirecting emotions from a threatening object/person to a safer one.

Example: Yelling at family after being yelled at by a boss.

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20
Q

What is Rationalization?

A

Creating logical excuses for unacceptable behaviors or thoughts.

Example: Blaming the teacher for failing an exam.

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21
Q

What is Reaction Formation?

A

Expressing feelings that are the opposite of one’s true feelings.

Example: Overtly homophobic behavior from someone with unconscious homosexual urges.

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22
Q

What is Regression?

A

Retreating to a more childish stage of development in response to stress.

Example: An adult throwing a tantrum when they don’t get their way.

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23
Q

What is Sublimation?

A

Channeling unacceptable urges into socially acceptable activities.

Example: A person with aggressive tendencies becoming a surgeon.

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24
Q

What is Denial?

A

Refusing to accept reality or unpleasant facts.

Example: A smoker refusing to believe smoking is harmful.

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25
What is Intellectualization?
Dealing with emotional conflicts through abstract thinking, avoiding emotional impact. ## Footnote Example: A doctor discussing a terminal illness in technical terms without showing emotion.
26
What is Fantasy as a defense mechanism?
Escaping from reality through imagined thoughts or scenarios. ## Footnote Example: A lonely person imagining perfect romantic relationships.
27
What is the age range and erogenous zone for Freud's 'Anal Stage'?
Age Range: 1-3 years. Erogenous Zone: Anus. Fixation Impact: Anal-retentive or anal-expulsive traits.
28
What is the age range and erogenous zone for Freud's 'Phallic Stage'?
Age Range: 3-6 years. Erogenous Zone: Genitals. Key Complexes: Oedipus and Electra Complexes.
29
What is the age range for Freud's 'Latency Stage'?
Age Range: 6 years to Puberty. Focus: Social and intellectual development.
30
What is the age range for Freud's 'Genital Stage'?
Age Range: Puberty onward. Focus: Maturation of sexual interests.
31
What is Basic Hostility according to Horney?
Resentment and anger towards parents or caregivers who thwart a child's basic needs.
32
What is the 'Neurotic Need for Affection and Approval' according to Horney?
An indiscriminate need to please others, often at the expense of one's own needs.
33
What is the 'Neurotic Need for Power' according to Horney?
A desperate need to control others and gain superiority, masking deep insecurity.
34
What is the 'Neurotic Need for Social Recognition or Prestige' according to Horney?
A compulsive striving to be admired, often through public displays of status.
35
What is the psychosocial conflict for 'Trust vs. Mistrust'?
Age: Infancy (0-1 year). Crisis: Developing a sense of trust. Positive Outcome: Hope.
36
What is the psychosocial conflict for 'Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt'?
Age: Early Childhood (1-3 years). Crisis: Developing personal control. Positive Outcome: Will.
37
What is the psychosocial conflict for 'Initiative vs. Guilt'?
Age: Preschool (3-6 years). Crisis: Asserting control over the environment. Positive Outcome: Purpose.
38
What is the psychosocial conflict for 'Industry vs. Inferiority'?
Age: School Age (6-12 years). Crisis: Coping with social and academic demands. Positive Outcome: Competence.
39
What is the psychosocial conflict for 'Intimacy vs. Isolation'?
Age: Early Adulthood (18-40 years). Crisis: Forming intimate relationships. Positive Outcome: Love.
40
What is the psychosocial conflict for 'Generativity vs. Stagnation'?
Age: Middle Adulthood (40-65 years). Crisis: Contributing to society. Positive Outcome: Care.
41
What is the psychosocial conflict for 'Integrity vs. Despair'?
Age: Late Adulthood (65+ years). Crisis: Reflecting on life. Positive Outcome: Wisdom.
42
What is Hostility/Aggression in Type A personality?
A tendency to be easily angered and cynical, linked to cardiovascular disease risk.
43
What is Time Urgency/Impatience in Type A personality?
Feeling constantly pressed for time and becoming annoyed by delays.
44
What characterizes Patience in Type B personality?
The ability to wait calmly and tolerate delays without distress.
45
Define Intelligence.
The ability to acquire and apply knowledge and skills, involving reasoning, problem-solving, and adapting to new situations.
46
Who developed the Wechsler Intelligence Scales?
David Wechsler.
47
Who developed Raven's Progressive Matrices?
John C. Raven.
48
What is the nature of the Wechsler Intelligence Scales?
Verbal and performance-based assessments.
49
What is the nature of Raven's Progressive Matrices?
Completely non-verbal and visual.
50
What type of intelligence is measured by Wechsler?
Both crystallized and fluid intelligence.
51
What type of intelligence is measured by Raven's Progressive Matrices?
Mainly fluid intelligence.
52
Describe the structure of Wechsler Intelligence Scales.
Two parts: Verbal Scale and Performance Scale.
53
Describe the structure of Raven's Progressive Matrices.
Visual patterns/matrices with missing parts.
54
Give examples of subtests in Wechsler Intelligence Scales.
* Vocabulary * Arithmetic * Digit Span * Block Design * Picture Completion
55
How language-dependent are Wechsler Intelligence Scales?
Language-dependent, especially the verbal section.
56
How language-dependent are Raven's Progressive Matrices?
Language-independent and culturally fair.
57
Name different versions of the Wechsler Intelligence Scales.
* WAIS (adults) * WISC (children) * WPPSI (preschoolers)
58
Name different versions of Raven's Progressive Matrices.
* SPM (Standard Progressive Matrices) * CPM (Coloured Progressive Matrices) * APM (Advanced Progressive Matrices)
59
How is Wechsler Intelligence Scales scored?
Verbal IQ, Performance IQ, Full Scale IQ (Mean = 100, SD = 15).
60
How is Raven's Progressive Matrices scored?
One general intelligence score (no verbal-performance split).
61
What are common use cases for Wechsler Intelligence Scales?
* Clinical diagnosis * Educational assessment * Cognitive profiling
62
What are common use cases for Raven's Progressive Matrices?
* Research * Group testing * Cross-cultural assessments
63
How is Wechsler Intelligence Scales typically administered?
Individual testing, time-intensive.
64
How is Raven's Progressive Matrices typically administered?
Individual or group testing, quick.
65
Compare the diagnostic detail of Wechsler Intelligence Scales vs. Raven's Progressive Matrices.
* Wechsler: High – reveals cognitive strengths and weaknesses * Raven's: Low – gives overall reasoning ability.
66
Compare the cultural fairness of Wechsler Intelligence Scales vs. Raven's Progressive Matrices.
* Wechsler: Less culturally fair (due to verbal tasks) * Raven's: Highly culturally fair and non-verbal.
67
Who are Wechsler Intelligence Scales suitable for?
Literate populations and formal education backgrounds.
68
Who are Raven's Progressive Matrices suitable for?
All populations, including illiterate and culturally diverse.
69
What is Self-Concept?
The totality of an individual's thoughts and feelings about themselves as an object.
70
What is Self-Esteem?
An individual's overall subjective evaluation of their own worth.
71
What is Self-Efficacy?
An individual's belief in their capacity to execute behaviors necessary to produce specific performance attainments.
72
What is Self-Regulation?
The ability to monitor and control one's own behavior, emotions, and thoughts.
73
What is Personal Identity?
Aspects of oneself that make one unique, such as traits and experiences.
74
What is Social Identity?
The part of self-concept derived from knowledge of membership in a social group.
75
What is Self-Serving Bias?
The tendency to attribute positive outcomes to oneself and negative outcomes to external factors.
76
What is the Ideal Self according to Rogers?
The person an individual wants to be; their aspirations and goals.
77
What is the Real Self according to Rogers?
The person one actually is, based on self-perception and experiences.
78
What influences Self-Concept Formation?
* Personal experiences * Feedback from others * Cultural values * Social comparisons
79
How do the Id, Ego, and Superego interact according to Freud?
The Id seeks immediate gratification, the Superego imposes moral restrictions, and the Ego mediates between them.
80
What are the key functions of the Ego beyond mediation?
* Reality testing * Problem-solving * Decision-making * Adapting to the external world.
81
What are the two main components of the Superego?
* Conscience * Ego Ideal.
82
How do the Id, Ego, and Superego interact according to Freud?
The Id seeks immediate gratification. The Superego imposes moral restrictions. The Ego mediates between the Id, Superego, and reality.
83
What are the key functions of the Ego beyond mediation?
Reality testing, problem-solving, decision-making, adapting to the external world.
84
What are the two main components of the Superego?
* Conscience: Internalized prohibitions leading to guilt * Ego-Ideal: Internalized ideals leading to pride.
85
What is 'Libido' in Freud's theory?
The psychic energy that fuels the Id, associated with sexual drives and other life instincts.
86
What are 'Thanatos' in Freud's theory?
The death instincts representing aggressive and destructive urges.
87
Describe Oral-Aggressive Fixation from the Oral Stage.
Caused by too much gratification or harsh frustration, leading to aggressive, sarcastic, manipulative, and argumentative traits.
88
Describe Anal-Retentive Fixation from the Anal Stage.
Develops from overly strict toilet training, leading to obsessive neatness, stinginess, stubbornness, and perfectionism.
89
Describe Anal-Expulsive Fixation from the Anal Stage.
Develops from overly permissive toilet training, leading to messiness, disorganization, impulsiveness, and rebellion.
90
What are the consequences of Phallic Stage fixation in males?
Problems with authority figures, difficulty forming stable relationships, vanity, and excessive ambition.
91
What are the consequences of Phallic Stage fixation in females?
Issues with self-esteem, difficulty with male relationships, and unresolved 'penis envy.'
92
What is the Neurotic Trend: Moving Toward People?
Characterized by a compulsive need for affection and approval, extreme dependency, and submissiveness.
93
What is the Neurotic Trend: Moving Against People?
Characterized by a compulsive need for power, control, and exploitation of others.
94
What is the Neurotic Trend: Moving Away From People?
Characterized by a compulsive need for self-sufficiency, independence, and isolation.
95
How did Horney view neurosis, contrasting with Freud?
Horney believed neurosis stemmed from disturbed human relationships and basic anxiety, not just repressed sexual urges.
96
What is the Real Self according to Horney?
The authentic, unique core of the individual striving for self-realization.
97
What is the Idealized Self according to Horney?
A distorted image created by neurotics to compensate for feelings of inadequacy.
98
What developmental task is associated with 'Trust vs. Mistrust'?
Developing a sense of faith in the world and caregivers, leading to hope.
99
What developmental task is associated with 'Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt'?
Developing a sense of personal control over physical skills and independence. Positive Outcome: Will.
100
What is the developmental task associated with 'Initiative vs. Guilt'?
Asserting control over the environment and developing a sense of purpose. Positive Outcome: Purpose.
101
What is the developmental task associated with 'Industry vs. Inferiority'?
Coping with new social and academic demands, developing a sense of competence. Positive Outcome: Competence.
102
What is the developmental task associated with 'Intimacy vs. Isolation'?
Forming intimate, loving relationships with others. Positive Outcome: Love.
103
What is the developmental task associated with 'Generativity vs. Stagnation'?
Contributing to society and guiding the next generation. Positive Outcome: Care.
104
What is the developmental task associated with 'Integrity vs. Despair'?
Reflecting on life, feeling fulfillment or regret. Positive Outcome: Wisdom.
105
Self-Worth is often used synonymously with what term?
Self-esteem.
106
Name two dimensions of Personal Identity.
* Personal Attributes * Interests and Hobbies.
107
Name two dimensions of Social Identity.
* Group Membership * Roles.
108
What is a Self-Schema?
Organized beliefs and knowledge about the self influencing self-relevant information processing.
109
What is Social Comparison?
Evaluating oneself by comparing with others, can be upward or downward.
110
How do Individualistic cultures influence the 'self'?
Emphasize personal uniqueness, self-reliance, and individual achievement.
111
How do Collectivistic cultures influence the 'self'?
Emphasize interdependence, social harmony, and group goals.
112
What is Spearman's 'g-factor'?
A general intelligence factor underlying all specific mental abilities.
113
What is Spearman's 's-factor'?
Specific intelligence factors that apply to individual tasks.
114
What are the three intelligences in Sternberg's Triarchic Theory?
* Componential (Analytical) Intelligence * Experiential (Creative) Intelligence * Contextual (Practical) Intelligence.
115
What is the core idea of Gardner's Theory of Multiple Intelligences?
Intelligence is a collection of distinct intelligences that are relatively independent.
116
What is Linguistic Intelligence?
Ability to use language effectively, both orally and in writing.
117
What is Logical-Mathematical Intelligence?
Ability to reason, solve logical problems, and deal with abstract concepts.
118
What is Spatial Intelligence?
Ability to perceive the visual-spatial world accurately and perform transformations on perceptions.
119
What is Bodily-Kinesthetic Intelligence?
Expertise in using one's body to solve problems or fashion products.
120
What is Musical Intelligence?
Ability to produce and appreciate rhythm, pitch, and timbre.
121
What is Interpersonal Intelligence?
Ability to understand and interact effectively with others.
122
What is Intrapersonal Intelligence?
Ability to understand oneself, including one's emotions and motivations.
123
What is Naturalistic Intelligence?
Ability to recognize and categorize features of the natural environment.

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