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NE Exam 1 > 12: Anatomy And Histo Of The Ear > Flashcards

12: Anatomy And Histo Of The Ear Flashcards

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1
Q

Where is the ear located?

A

In the dense petrous portion of the temporal bone

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2
Q

Two arteries to the external ear

A
  1. Posterior auricular A

2. Superficial temporal A

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3
Q

Two nerves that provide sensory to the external ear

A
  1. Greater auricular N

2. Auriculotemporal N

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4
Q

Two gland types in the external acoustic meatus

A
  1. Ceruminous glands

2. Sebaceous glands

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5
Q

Outside vs inside of TM histo

A

Outside: stratified squamous ep
Inside: simple cuboidal ep

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6
Q

Tip of cone shape on external TM

A

Umbo

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7
Q

N to external and internal TM

A

External: auriculotemporal N
Internal: small branch of CN V3

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8
Q

Two things that can cause perforated TM

A
  1. Abnormal increase in medial ear pressure

2. External trauma

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9
Q

Two parts of the middle ear

A
  1. Tympanic cavity

2. Epitympanic recess

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10
Q

Six walls of the middle ear

A
  1. Tegmental wall
  2. Jugular wall
  3. Membranous wall
  4. Labyrinthine wall
  5. Mastoid wall
  6. Carotid wall
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11
Q

Pharyngotympanic tube

A

Connects middle ear to nasopharynx

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12
Q

Pharyngotympanic tube composition

A

Posterolateral part is bon, remainder is elastic cartilage

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13
Q

Three muscles that open the pharyngotympanic tube

A
  1. Levator veli palatini
  2. Tensor veli palatini
  3. Salpingopharyngeus
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14
Q

Incus location and connection to wall

A
  1. In epitympanic space

2. Connected to posterior wall by a ligament

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15
Q

How much do the auditory ossicles amplify vibratory force?

A

10x

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16
Q

Tensor tympani O and I

A

O: pharyngotympanic tube, greater wing of sphenoid, petrous part of temporal bone
I: malleolus

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17
Q

Tensor tympani action

A

Pulls malleolus to tense membrane, reducing amplitude

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18
Q

Innervation to tensor tympani muscle and stapedius muscle

A

Tensor tympani: CN 5

Stapedius: CN 7

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19
Q

Stapedius O and I

A

O; pyramidal eminence on posterior wall of tympanic cavity

I: stapes

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20
Q

Stapedius action

A

Pulls stapes posteriorly, reducing oscillatory range, preventing excess movement of stapes

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21
Q

Otitis media

A

Earache with possible fluid or pus in middle ear due to inflammation or infection

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22
Q

Mastoiditis

A

Infection of mastoid cells, treated with Abx

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23
Q

Where can mastoiditis spread to

A

Into cranial fossa via petrosquamous cranial suture

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24
Q

Three areas in the bony labyrinth

A
  1. Semicircular canals
  2. Vestibule
  3. Cochlea
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25
What does the vestibule contain?
Saccule, utricle
26
Where is the membranous labyrinth
Inside the bony labyrinth
27
Three divisions of the membranous labyrinth
1. Vestibular division (semicircular ducts, utricle, saccule) 2. Cochlear division 3. Sensory cells
28
Six regions of sensory cells
1 organ of corti 2 maculae 3 cristae ampullari
29
Perilymphatic space
Between bony and membranous labyrinths
30
Liquid in perilymphatic space and what it drains via into where
Similar to CSF | Drains via perilymphatic duct -> into subarachnoid space
31
Endolymphatic space fluid - composition and where it comes from
High in K, low in NA | Originates from stria vascularis
32
Where does endolymphatic fluid drain into and via what?
Endolymphatic duct -> venous sinuses of dura mater
33
Hair cell composition (vestibular vs auditory system)
Have an array of stereocilia In vestibular system: has one true Cilium (kinocilium) In auditory system: cilia structure is lost besides kinocilium’s basal body
34
Gates in stereocilia
Mechanoelectrically-gated ion channels, that allow K to enter when moved
35
What does gentamicin target?
Hair cells
36
Three compartments of the cochlear duct
1. Scala media 2. Scala vestibuli 3. Scala tympani
37
Fluid in scala media vs scala vestibuli
Media: endolymph Vestibuli: perilymph
38
Stria vascularis
Lateral wall of scala media, produces endolymph and contains the organ of corti
39
Which two compartments of the cochlear duct are continuous?
Scala vestibuli, scala tympani
40
Three types of cells in the organ of corti and their function
1. Hair cells: sensory 2. Phalangeal cells: support 3. Pillar cells: support
41
Where are hair cell stereocilia embedded in the organ of corti?
In the overlying tectorial membrane
42
Sound moving through the organ of corti
Basilar membrane vibrates -> stereocilia deflection -> K channels open in hair cells -> moves tectorial membrane -> signals bipolar neuron cells bodies in spiral ganglion
43
How does the spiral ganglion transmit signals?
Via CN 8
44
Where is scala vestibuli moved?
By the stapes at the oval window
45
Which part of the cochlear duct connects to the round window?
Scala tympani
46
Outer spiral lamina
Bony shelf that supports the tectorial membrane
47
High vs low frequency in cochlea
High: detected near base of cochlea | Low freq: move further, closer to the tip of the duct
48
What is changed depending on amplitude of sound
Degree of displacement of hair cells
49
Three types of hearing loss with what is affected
1. Conductive: outer/middle ear 2. Sensorineural: inner ear or auditory nerve 3. Central: CNS
50
Examples of things that can cause conductive hearing loss
Fluid buildup in middle ear, otitis, excess ear wax, otosclerosis (stiff ear bones)
51
What causes sensorineural hearing loss?
Age and noise
52
Describe the semicircular canals
Three canals in different axes, filled with endolymph
53
Ends of semicircular canals
Ampulla: filled with gelatinous material with a cupula, sensory hair cells have stereocilia attached to cupula, which becomes displaced by motion in the canals
54
What do the semicircular canals detect?
Rotational velocity
55
What do the utricle and saccule both contain?
A macula
56
What is in a macula
Cluster of hair cells with stereocilia embedded in otolithic membrane, which is covered in otoconia
57
Otoconia
Ca carbonate crystals in the maculae
58
What two things do the utricle and saccule sense
Gravity, linear acceleration
59
Menieres cause
Increase endolymph volume -> abnormal signaling (true cause is unclear)
60
Possible treatment for severe Menieres
Surgical ablation of parts of labyrinthine system, but risks of permanent hearing loss
61
Sx of menieres syndrome
Dizziness, vertigo, tinnitus, fluctuating hearing loss
62
Viral labyrinthitis
Same symptoms as Menieres, but usually resolves in a week
63
Three nerves in the internal acoustic meatus
1. Vestibular N 2. Acoustic N 3. Facial N

NE Exam 1 (16 decks)

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