Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Biology A level > 1.2 Carbohydrates > Flashcards

1.2 Carbohydrates Flashcards

(73 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What is a monomer?

A

A smaller repeating unit from which larger polymers are made

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is a polymer?

A

a chain of repeating units

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is a condensation reaction?

A

the joining of two monomers and the removal of 1 water molecule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is a hydrolysis reaction?

A

water molecules are added to the process of breaking bonds between monomers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What elements are carbs made from?

A

carbon
hydrogen
oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the three types of carbohydrates?

A

monosaccharide
disaccharide
polysaccharide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is a monosaccharide?

A

the basic monomer unit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is a disaccharide?

A

2 monosaccharides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are polysaccharides?

A

large no. of monosaccharides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the 3 examples of monosaccharides?

A

glucose
galactose
fructose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the 3 examples of disaccharides?

A

maltose
sucrose
lactose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the 3 examples of polysaccharides?

A

starch
glycogen
cellulose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What makes maltose?

A

glucose and glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What makes sucrose?

A

glucose and fructose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What makes lactose?

A

glucose and galactose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is a reducing sugar?

A

a sugar that can donate electrons to another chemical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How do you test for reducing sugars?

A

Benedict’s Test:
1. 2cm3 of food sample to a test tube - if sample not liquid, grind it up in water
2. add an equal vol of benedict’s reagent
3. heat the mixture gently for 5 mins
4. solution will turn yellow-brick red if reducing sugar is present

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How do you test for non-reducing sugars?

A

Benedicts test then..:
5. 2cm3 of food sample in equal vol HCl and gently heat for 5 mins
the dilute HCl will hydrolyse disaccs to monosaccs
6. slowly add sodium hydrogencarbonate solution to neutralise HCl, test with pH paper - alkaline
7. re-do benedicts test
8. yellow to brick-red if non-reducing sugar is present

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the function of starch?

A

energy storage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what monosacc type is starch made from and bond type?

A

alpha glucose - arranged in a helix
glycosidic bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the overall structure of starch related to its function?

A

branched - has many ends
large - doesnt diffuse out of cells
helical structure so compact - a lot can be stored in a small space
insoluble - doesnt affect water potential

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the chemical test for starch?

A

potassium iodide solution:
1. 2cm3 of food sample in test tube
2. add two drops of iodine solution then shake/stir
3. presence of starch indicated by yellow —> blue-black colouration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the function of cellulose?

A

provides rigidity to plant cell and prevents cell from bursting as water enters by osmosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Which two types of carbs are sugars?

A

monosacc and disaccs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What are the properties of sugars?
sweet soluble crystalline
26
What is the general formula of monosaccs?
CnH2nOn
27
Which two monosaccs are pentose molecules ( 5 carbons )?
deoxyribose and ribose
28
What monosaccs are hexose (6 carbons) molecules?
glucose fructose galactose
29
Which hexose molecules is arranged in a pentagon?
fructose
30
What is the function of glucose?
main resp substrate
31
What are the properties of glucose?
highly soluble sweet crystalline transporter of carbs in animals abundant
32
How do you label the carbon's numbers when drawing glucose or other isomers?
label the carbon numbers clockwise starting from the oxygen
33
What is the structure of alpha glucose?
hydroxyl group below carbon-1
34
What function do polymers of alpha glucose have?
glucose storage
35
What is the structure of beta glucose?
hydroxyl group above carbon-1
36
What is the function of a polymer of beta glucose?
structural polysacc
37
What is the structure of fructose?
x1 CH2OH group below carbon 1 6 carbons but has a pentagon shape
38
What is the structure of galactose?
alpha glucose with hydroxyl group above carbon-4
39
Where is galactose found?
glycolipids or glycoproteins on membranes for recognition
40
What is the structure of ribose?
5 carbons - so alpha glucose minus 1 carbon
41
What is the structure of deoxyribose?
ribose but missing an oxygen on carbon 2 C5 H10 O4
42
Where is ribose found?
RNA
43
Where is deoxyribose found?
DNA
44
How are disaccs prodcuced?
condensation reactions of monosaccs
45
What bond is formed by a condensation reaction?
1-4 glycosidic bond
46
What bond is present in maltose and sucrose?
alpha 1-4 glycosidic bond
47
What bond is present in lactose?
beta 1-4 glycosidic bond
48
What is the function of maltose?
resp substrate or stored as glycogen
49
What is the function of sucrose?
provides a source of energy in respiring plant cells as it can be hydrolysed into glucose
50
What is the function of lactose?
enhances absorption of calcium
51
What are the two polymers of alpha glucose?
glycogen and starch
52
What is the advantage of alpha glucose polymers being compact and helical shaped?
can store more glucose in the cell
53
How do polymers of glucose release glucose?
by being hydrolysed
54
What is the advantage of alpha polymers of glucose being branched?
larger SA for hydrolysis so faster rate that glucose is released can be condensed into very compact structure - ideal for storage
55
What is the advantage that polymers of alpha glucose are insoluble in water?
doesnt affect water potential - osmotically inert
56
What are starch and glycogen made of?
amylose and amylopectin
57
What is the structure of amylose?
1-4 bonds, facing downwards = the chain starts to curl in on itself and forms a helical shape
58
What is the structure of amylopectin?
1-4 and 1-6 bonds due to the 1-6 bonds it has a branched structure = higher SA for hydrolysis
59
Why can glycogen release glucose faster than starch?
glycogen has more 1-6 bonds so it more branched and has a higher SA for hydolysis
60
What is the function of polymers of beta glucose?
structural function
61
Describe cellulose structure.
1-4 bonds, hydroxyl group above carbon-1 - straight chain the glycosidic bonds flip so every alternate beta glucose molecule is rotated 180' 1-4 bonds have alternate up/down positions - results in a straight chain hydrogen bonds forming cross links between chains To form microfibrils
62
What is a microfibril?
multiple cellulose chains
63
What is the advantage of H bonds forming cross links in cellulose?
provides cellulose with its high tensile strength there are a large number of H bonds
64
How is a helical shape formed in starch?
1-4 bonds occur in downward position which puts a strain on the chain
65
What enzyme hydrolyses starch?
amylase
66
What enzyme breaks down glycogen?
glycogen phosphorylase
67
What does osmotically inert mean?
doesnt affect water potential
68
What is the advantage of cellulose molecules forming microfibrils?
provides high tensile strength so it is suitable for a plant cell wall
69
What is cellulose function in cells?
It has high strength and rigidity to resist osmotic pressure in plant cells to maintain their structure
70
What are examples of monomer and polymer reactions?
amino acids to form a protein alpha glucose to form starch or glycogen
71
What is the structure of glycogen?
alpha glucose branched chain coiled = more compact 1-4 and 1-6 bonds
72
What are features of starch that make it a good storage molecule?
insoluble branched/ coiled polymer of alpha glucose large molecule
73
How is glycogen used as a source of energy?
hydrolysed to glucose - used in resp

Biology A level (36 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions