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AS-level Biology Unit 1 > 1.2- Cell Structure and Organisation > Flashcards

1.2- Cell Structure and Organisation Flashcards

1
Q

What are eukaryotic cells?

A

they have a nucleus and membrane bound organelles

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2
Q

What are examples of eukaryotic cells?

A

animal and plant cells

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3
Q

What are animal and plant cells known as?

A

eukaryotic cells

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4
Q

What is the nucleus?

A

its a membrane bound structure that contains the cells genetic information and controls the cells activities

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5
Q

What are nuclear pores?

A

enable molecules to enter and leave the nucleus, also transport nucleotides

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6
Q

How many parts is there to the nucleus?

A

4

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7
Q

What are the parts of the nucleus?

A

nuclear envelope
nucleolus
nucleoplasm
nuclear pores

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8
Q

What is the nuclear envelope?

A

a double membrane which contains an outer and inner layer that separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm

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9
Q

What is the nucleolus?

A

small spherical body that manufactures RNA, which is needed to make ribosomes

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10
Q

What is the nucleoplasm?

A

cytoplasm like material in the inner of the nucleus, where the cell’s DNA is located in the form of chromatin

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11
Q

What is mitochondria?

A

it has a double membrane structure and is the site of aerobic respiration within the cell
the inner membrane is folded inwards to form extensions called cristae which provide a larger surface surface area for ATP synthesis to occur

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12
Q

What is rough endoplasmic reticulum?

A

series of flattened sacs enclosed by a membrane with ribosomes on the surface
It folds and processes proteins made on the ribosomes

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13
Q

What is smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

A

a system of membrane bound sacs and is involved with the synthesis and transport of lipids

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14
Q

What are ribosomes?

A

small organelles found either free in the cytoplasm or attached to the rough ER
they are the site of protein synthesis
they read RNA to make proteins

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15
Q

What is Golgi body?

A

series of ​fluid filled, flattened & curved sacs​ ​with vesicles surrounding the edges
it ​processes and packages proteins and lipids
also ​produces​ ​lysosomes​ and digestive enzymes

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16
Q

What are the steps of the Golgi body functioning?

A
  1. vesicles containing proteins formed by the rough ER fuse at one end of the Golgi sacs
  2. the protein is modified inside the Golgi sacs
  3. the modified protein then travels to the cell’s outer plasma membrane where the protein is released to the outside of the cell
    this process of releasing the protein is called exocytosis
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17
Q

What are lysosomes?

A

a vesicle bound by a single membrane which contains digestive enzymes which break down worn out organelles or cells

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18
Q

What are centrioles?

A

hollow cylinders containing a ring of microtubules arranged at right angles to each other
they form the spindle during cell division

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19
Q

What are chloroplast?

A

oval-shaped and have a double membrane, the inner and outer
it contains photosynthetic pigments which trap light energy for photosynthesis
the space within the inner membrane is called the stroma

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20
Q

What is a permanent vacuole?

A

it contains cell sap and stores solutes like glucose, surrounded by a tonoplast membrane

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21
Q

What are prokaryotic cells?

A

they don’t have any membrane bound organelles and the DNA is suspended freely in the cell

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22
Q

What are the cells walls made out of prokaryotes?

A

murein

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23
Q

What are the cells walls made out of eukaryotes?

A

cellulose

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24
Q

what is flagellum?

A

a tail like structure
which ​rotates to move the cell
not all prokaryotes have it

25
Q

What are mesosomes?

A

Infoldings of the inner membrane which ​contain enzymes required for respiration

26
Q

What is capsule?

A

Protective slimy layer which helps the cell to retain moisture​ ​and ​adhere​ to surfaces

27
Q

What are plasmids?

A

circular pieces of DNA carrying a few genes which occur throughout the cytoplasm

28
Q

which type of cell is the oldest and simplest?

A

prokaryotes

29
Q

What are 2 big differences between euk/prok?

A

p- free DNA
E- DNA in a nucleus

p- 1-10 um
e- 10-100um

30
Q

What is one benefit of having DNA housed in a nucleus?

A

protects the DNA

31
Q

What is a virus?

A

non-living​ ​structures which consist of ​nucleic acid​
enclosed in a protective protein coat called the ​capsid​

32
Q

What is a viron?

A

outside a living cell a virus exists as an inert viron

33
Q

What are undifferentiated cells known as?

A

packing cells

34
Q

What is cell differentiation?

A

a process by which a cell changes to become specialised

35
Q

What ways can cells differentiate?

A

shape of cell
number of a particular organelle
contents of the cell

36
Q

What is a tissue?

A

collection of cells that work together to carry out a particular function

37
Q

What is an epithelial tissue?

A

forms a continuous layer, covering or lining internal or external surfaces
have no blood vessels but may have nerve endings
sit on a basement membrane made of collagen and protein
vary in shape and complexity

38
Q

What are the types of epithelial tissue?

A

cuboidal
ciliated
squamous

39
Q

What is a cuboidal tissue?

A

cuboidal shape and has a spherical nucleus
found in the ducts of glands, lining of kidney tubules and small intestine

40
Q

What is ciliated tissue?

A

columnar shape
found in the respiratory duct and the Fallopian tubes of women
transports substances like mucus in the bronchi/ ova in the fallopian

41
Q

What is Squamous tissue?

A

flattened cells on a basement membrane
form the walls of the alveoli and line Bowman’s capsule in the kidney nephron

42
Q

What are the types of muscle tissue?

A

smooth
skeletal
cardiac

43
Q

What is smooth muscle?

A

individual spindle-shaped cells that can contract rhythmically, but less powerful than skeletal
found in the skin, walls of blood vessels, digestive and respiratory tracts
as you cannot control this muscle it is called a involuntary muscle
stripes are not visible so is an unstriated muscle

44
Q

What is Skeletal muscle?

A

attached to bones and generates movement in mammals
it has bands of long fibres which can contract powerfully but can tire easily
you can control when to contract so is called voluntary muscle
stripes are visible using a microscope so is a striated muscle

45
Q

What is Cardiac muscle?

A

only found in the heart
its structure and properties are between smooth and skeletal muscle
striated muscle but lack the long fibres
contract rhythmically, without any stimulation from nerves or hormones, these can modify contractions
do not tire

46
Q

What is connective tissue?

A

connect, support or separate tissues and organs

47
Q

What are the types of connective tissue?

A

areolar
collagen
ligaments
adipose

48
Q

What is areolar?

A

found under the skin
connects organs and tissues together

49
Q

What is collagen?

A

forms tendons which connect muscles to bones

50
Q

What is ligament?

A

ligaments which connect bones are elastic tissue

51
Q

What is adipose?

A

composed of fatty cells
found under the skin and around organs
it’s an energy store, thermal insulator and protects delicate organs

52
Q

What are organs?

A

made of several tissues working together to perform a specific function

53
Q

What organs are in the digestive system?

A

stomach, ileum

54
Q

What organs are in the excretory system?

A

kidney, bladder

55
Q

What organs are in the skeletal system?

A

cranium, femur

56
Q

What organs are in the circulatory system?

A

heart, aorta

57
Q

What organs are in the reproductive system?

A

ovary, testes

58
Q

What organs are in the respiratory system?

A

trachea, lung

59
Q

What organs are in the nervous system?

A

brain, spinal cord

AS-level Biology Unit 1 (6 decks)

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