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AS Biology > 1.2 Cells as the Basic Units of Living Organisms > Flashcards

1.2 Cells as the Basic Units of Living Organisms Flashcards

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1
Q

Cell surface membrane
structure and functions (3)

A

surrounds cell (7nm thick)

partially permeable and controls the movement of substances into and out of the cells

allows cells to interact with each other and receive signals

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2
Q

Nucleus
structure and functions
(3)

A

in cytoplasm

contains DNA coding for the synthesis of proteins in the cytoplasm

surrounded by a double membrane (nuclear envelope)

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3
Q

nucleolus
structure and functions
(2)

A

one to several in nucleus

synthesises ribosomal RNA and makes ribosomes

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4
Q

Rough endoplasmic reticulum
structure and functions
(3)

A

throughout cytoplasm

covered with ribosomes

membrane –> enclosed compartments that transport proteins synthesized on the ribosomes

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5
Q

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
structure and functions
(3)

A

In cytoplasm

similar to rough ER but no ribosomes

synthesis transports lipid molecules

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6
Q

Golgi Body
structure and functions
(4)

A

In cytoplasm

synthesis glycoproteins (proteins with carbohydrate groups attached)

packages proteins for export from the cell

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7
Q

mitochondria
structure and functions
(2)

A

in cytoplasm

produce (ATP) by aerobic respiration

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8
Q

ribosomes
structure and functions
(4)

A

attached to rough ER or free in cytoplasm

site of protein synthesis

80S in the cytoplasm
70S in chloroplasts and mitochondria

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9
Q

lysosomes
structure and functions

A

in cytoplasm

digests unwanted materials and worn out organelles

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10
Q

centrioles
structure and functions
(4)

A

two hollow cylinders in animal cells

lie next to the nucleus

made of protein microtubules

exact function unknown

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11
Q

microtubules
structure and functions
(2)

A

attached to rough ER or free in cytoplasm

involved in movement of the cells

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12
Q

chloroplast
structure and functions
(3)

A

in cytoplasm of some plant cells

contain chlorophyll

site of photosynthesis

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13
Q

cell wall
structure and functions
(3)

A

layer surrounding plant cells

made of cellulose

regulate movement of water

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14
Q

plasmodesmata
structure and functions
(3)

A

pores in plant cell wall

contain fine strands of cytoplasm linking plant cell with neighboring cells

allows movement of materials between cells

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15
Q

vacuole
structure and functions

A

large central space in plant cells

contains solutes like sugars and mineral salts

surrounded by a membrane: tonoplast

tonoplast–> controls exchange of materials between the vacuole and cytoplasm

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16
Q

cells use ATP

A

from respiration for energy - requiring processes

17
Q

key structural features of a prokaryotic cells found in typical bacterium

(6)

A

Unicelluar

generally 1-5 um in diameter

peptidoglycan cell walls

circular DNA

70S ribosomes

absence of organelles surrounded by double membranes

18
Q

compare the structure of a prokaryotic cell found in a typical bacterium with the structures of typical eukaryotic cells

A
19
Q

All viruses are ___

A

non-cellular structures with a nucleic acid core (either DNA or RNA)

20
Q

What is the function of the nucleolus?
(wrong test answer)

a) the formation and breakdown
b) the formation of rough endoplasmic reticulum
c) synthesis of ribosomal proteins
d) the synthesis of rRNA

A

D

21
Q

Bacteria are unicellular prokaryotic cells with a diameter of 1-5 um

State two other structural features that would identify a cell as prokaryotic

(wrong test answer)

A

circular DNA
plasmid
70S ribosomes
absence of membrane bound organelles

22
Q

Formed from microtubules during mitosis

(wrong test answer)

A

spindle

23
Q

Has peptidoglycan as one of its major components(wrong test answer)

A

prokaryotic cell wall

24
Q

Site of assembly of 80S ribosomes
(wrong test answer)

A

nucleolus

25
Q

Bacterial cells are what kind of cell?

A

Prokaryotic cells

26
Q

Outline the key features of viruses. (4)

A

acellular structures

contain nucleic acids (either RNA or DNA) surrounded by a protein coat known as a capsid. The capsid can have attachment proteins to gain access to host cells.

viruses possess no organelles or ribosomes and so rely on host cells to synthesise the components of viral particles

some viruses may have a phospholipid envelope surrounding the capsid. HIV

27
Q

How does the structure of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) differ from that of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)?

A

the SER does not have ribosomes on its outer surface

28
Q

Name the membrane surrounding the large permanent vacuole

A

The tonoplast

29
Q

name the main constituent of plant cell walls

A

cellulose

30
Q

Describe the structure of chloroplasts

A

Chloroplasts have a double membrane and contain a fluid called stroma. Within the chloroplast, thylakoids are arranged into interconnected stacks of grana. They also contain 70S ribosomes and circular DNA.

31
Q

What is a cilium

A

A cilium is a hair-like structure that projects from a cell. The cilium may be able to move (motile) or be stationary (non-motile)

32
Q

What are the two types of ribosome, and where are they found?

A

80S ribosomes are found in eukaryotic cells - in the cytoplasm and on the RER

70S ribosomes are found in prokaryotic cells, chloroplasts and mitochondria

33
Q

What are lysosomes?

A

Vesicles from the Golgi body that contain digestive enzymes

eg: proteases, lipases and lysozymes

34
Q

What is the function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

A

The SER synthesises and transports lipids

35
Q

What are the roles of the nucleus? (3)

A

To store the genetic material (DNA) of the cell

to synthesise ribosomes

to regulate production of messenger RNA for protein synthesis

36
Q

State the function of the large permanent vacuole (3)

A

stores cell sap, which contains sugars, pigments and wast substances

role in maintaining turgor pressure

acts as a temporary food store

AS Biology (13 decks)

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