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12-CHO Flashcards

(106 cards)

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1
Q

what are the 4 physical methods?

A

Refractometry
Hydrometery
Pycnometery
Polarimetry

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2
Q

what are the 5 methods of analysis CHO?

A 
chemical
physical
enzymatic
instrumental
immunoassay
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3
Q

what are the 3 methods of chemical?

A

cholorimetric
titration
gravimetric

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4
Q

what are the 4 methods of instrumental?

A

chromatography
NMP
electrophoresis
IR

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5
Q

what are the 3 methods of colorimetric methods?

A

phenol sulfuric acid
anthrone
somogyi-nelson

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6
Q

what is the method of titration?

A

lane-eynon

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7
Q

what is the method of gravimetric?

A

munson-walk

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8
Q

what does Refractometry based on?

A

refractive index: The absolute refractive index of a medium is the ratio of the speed of light in vacuum relative to the speed in the medium.

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9
Q

The absolute refractive index of a medium is the ratio of ?

A

the speed of light in vacuum relative to the speed in the medium.

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10
Q

When a beam of light is passed from one medium to another and the ____ of the two differs, then the beam of light is ____or refracted.

A

density

bent

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11
Q

what is the principle of refractometry?

A

snell’s law

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12
Q

what does snell’s law state?

A

Snell’s law states that the ratio of the sines of the angles of incidence and refraction is equivalent to the ratio of phase velocities in the two media
n1 * sinα = n2* sin β
n1= refractive index of medium 1
n2= refractive index of medium 2

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13
Q

Refractive index is a characteristic property of a _____?

A

liquid

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14
Q

what does Refractive index of a solution related to ?

A

the density of the solution.

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15
Q

what does Refractive index of a solution depend on ?

A

the concentration of the solution, temperature and wavelength.

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16
Q

the refractive index of pure water is?

A

η20 = 1.33299

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17
Q

what does additional sugar in water change?

A

the density of water, leads to change refractive index (η)

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18
Q

what does the RI of a solution increase with concentration been used in?

A

analysis total soluble solids of CHO-based food such as sugar syrup, fruit product, tomato products.

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19
Q

where can refractometer used in?

A

in a liquid processing line to monitor the Brix of products such as carbonated soft drinks, dissolved solids in orange juice, and % of solids in milk.

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20
Q

what can refractometer monitor?

A

the Brix of product

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21
Q

give ex of the brix of product

A

carbonated soft drinks
dissolved solids in orange juice
% solid in milk

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22
Q

what are 3 types of refractometer?

A

abbe–handheld–benchtop

digital

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23
Q

what is the adv of benchtop abbe refractometer? disadv

A

wider measurement range
more precision
less portability携带性

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24
Q

what is the principle of hydrometry?

A

Is based on Archimedes’s principle, which states that a solid suspended in a liquid will buoyed by a force equal to the weight of the liquid displaced.
In other words, an object displaces a weight of liquid equal to its own weight.

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25
what does hydrometry based on?
Based on displacement of a liquid by a floating body.
26
hydrometry: wt of an object=?
wt of the displaced liquid
27
hydrometry: wt=__x___
volume x density
28
V X D object=?
V X D displaced liquid
29
what does hydrometer measure?
specific gravity
30
specific gravity= ___/____
density of liquid/ density of water
31
what does lactometer used to determine?
the density of milk
32
what does baume hydrometer used to determine?
the density of salt solution
33
what does alcoholometer used to determine?
the alcohol content of beverage
34
what does brix hydrometer (saccharometer) used to determine?
sugar solution e.g. fruit juice, syrup | -- sucrose content in solution
35
to measure the density of milk, which hydrometer can be used?
lactometer
36
to measure the sucrose content in solution, which hydrometer can be used?
saccharometer/ brix hydrometer
37
to measure the density of salt solution, which hydrometer can be used?
baume hydrometer
38
to measure the alcohol content of beverage, which hydrometer can be used?
alcoholometer
39
what is Brix?
a percentage of sucrose by wt. in a solution. | =% sucrose
40
what does one degree Brix equal?
1g sucrose in 100g solution
41
what does Brix reporesent?
the strength of the solution as percentage by mass.
42
what does 20O brix equal?
20% sucrose
43
what does pycnometery based on?
measuring specific gravity, but not directly
44
specific gravity= __/___=____/_____
specific gravity= density of liquid/ density of water= W/V of liquid/ W/V of water
45
what are the steps of pycnometery?
w1-empty pycnometer w2-fill it with water w3-fill it with liquid w3-w1/w2-w1=SG specific gravity
46
what kind of molecue have the ability to rotate plane polarized light?
molecules contain an asymmetric carbon atome (chiral molecules)
47
what ability does optical active substance have?
rotate the polarized light.
48
why are sugar optical active?
they are chiral
49
is sugar optical active or not?
optical active
50
how many asymmetric carbon atoms does glu have? and their mirror images can/cannot superimpose!!
Glucose has four asymmetric carbon atoms and their mirror images cannot superimpose!!
51
polarimeter is used to measure?
optical activity
52
light source--> ______--->sample--->________
light source-->fixed polarizer--->sample--->moveable polarizer
53
what does polarizer absorb?
one component of the polarization but not the other
54
the input is natural light, what is the output?
polarized light
55
what are the 3 type of polarized light?
linear, circular, elliptical
56
how does the polarized work? to get input natural light, output polarized light?
dichroism reflection scattering
57
what is dextrorotory?
when the plane of polarized light is rotated in a clockwise direction when viewed through a polarimeter. (+) or (d) do not confuse with D
58
what is levorotatory?
when the plane of polarized light is rotated in a counter-clockwise direction when viewed through a polarimeter. (-) or (l) do not confuse with L
59
what does (+) or (d) represent?
dextrorotatory
60
what does (-) or (l) represent?
levorotatory
61
what is specific rotation?
the angle of rotation of plane polarized light by a 1.00 gram per cm-3 sample in a 1 dm tube.
62
write the equation of specific rotation
[α ]T,D (T= temperature, D = sodium lamp).
63
what is rotation related to?
number of molecules in the solution, which is concentration in g substance/ 1 cc solution.
64
[α]D=?
α/I*d
65
α/I*d, what is each one represent?
α=observed rotation I=length dm d=concentration g/cc
66
[α ] 20D (+)-alanine =
+8.5
67
[α ] 20D (-)-lactic acid =
-3.8
68
[α ] 20D (+)-glucose =
+52.5
69
[α ] 20D (+)-sucrose =
+66.5
70
[α ] 20D (-)-fructose =
-93
71
what method can use to specific analysis of mono-oligosaccharide?
1. enzymatic method | 2. chromatographic method
72
what does carrez treatment used to?
Breaks emulsions, precipitates proteins, and absorbs colors from food products prior to enzymatic determination of carbohydrates
73
enzymatic method use ____ treatment to prepare sample?
carrez
74
write down the steps to prepare sample in enzymatic method
``` add potassium ferrocyanide add zinc sulfate ZnSO4 add sodium hydroxide filtration suspension use clear suspension for enzyme-catalyzed assay ```
75
which 3 reagent need to add for prepare enzyme sample?
potassium ferrocyanide zinc sulfate sodium hydroxide
76
ex of enzymatic methods
GOPOD method | glucose oxidase/ peroxidase/dye
77
what does glucose oxidase do?
oxidizes d-glucose quantitatively to d-glucono- | 1,5-lactone and hydrogen peroxide
78
how is D-glu measured?
from H2O2 generated using peroxidase that turns a colorless compound (a leuco dye) to a colored compound H2O2+ colorless dye---(with peroxidase)--> colored compound +2H2O
79
how is the colored compound measure?
spectrophotometrically
80
give an ex of peroxidase turns color
dye 4 amino-antipyrene producing red quinoeimine in presence of H2O2 and peroxidase)
81
another ex of enzymatic method can treat
starch
82
is enzyme resistant starch detected?
no
83
Purity of enzyme used is _____
critical
84
Presence of cellulases, invertase, sucrase, β-glucanase releae D-glucose from other than starch (false ____ value)
high
85
what can catalase do? cause?
destroy the hydrogen peroxide, false low value
86
write down treat the starch steps
1. starch gelatinize in hot DMSO 2. get starch solution, then digest with a-amylase, which is 1,4-linked a-d-glucopyranosyl unit 3. get linear and branched fragment of amylose and amylopectin 4. digest with glocoamylase get D-glucose 5. add GOPOD reagent to see the color
87
which linkage is a-amylase?
1,4-linked a-d glucopyranosyl unit
88
D-glu add ______ to see the color
GOPOD reagent
89
what are the cons of enzymatic methods
1. need clear solution 2. optimum condition- buffer, ph ,temp 3. possible interference from other components
90
what are the pros of enzymatic methods?
1. higher specificity 2. don't need high purity of the sample 3. low detection limits 4. don't need expensive equipment 5. easy automated 6. commercially available kits
91
do enzyme method need high purity sample?
no
92
do enzyme method need clear solution?
yes
93
do enzyme method need optimum condition- buffer, ph ,temp?
yes
94
what is chromatography used for?
specific carbohydrate analysis
95
give 2 ex of chromatography
HPLC high performance liquid-c | GC gas-c
96
describe GC, how GC analysis cho?
Qualitative and quantitative analysis of carbohydrates
97
write down the 2 detector?
FID-flame ionization detector | MS-mass spectrometric
98
Sugars must be converted into _________ | Reduction of _____groups to _______groups and conversion of the ______ (alditol) into ________ esters
- -volatile derivatives - -aldehydic groups to primary hydroxyl groups - -conversion of the reduced sugars (alditol) into volatile peracetate esters
99
HPLC: can use for what kind of analysis?
quantitative-peak integration | qualitative- identify cho
100
HPLC: adv
- relatively faster - possibility of wide range of sample concentration - high degree of precision and accuracy
101
what can AE-HPLC coupled to an ECD used for?
detection and quantification of carbohydrate from complex mixtures
102
Selection of mobile phase, column (usual one as anion exchange (AE)) and detector (pulsed electro chemical detector (ECD)) may depend on?
the specific carbohydrate analyzed
103
the specific carbohydrate analyzed can decide?
Selection of mobile phase, column (usual one as anion exchange (AE)) and detector (pulsed electro chemical detector (ECD))
104
how to detect and quantify cho from complex mixture?
AE-HPLC coupled to an ECD
105
what is HPAEC
high performance anion exchange chromatography
106
what is TLC
thin layer chromatography

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