17-Nanomaterials Flashcards
(108 cards)
1
Q
what is nanotechnology?
A
Manipulation of matter at the nanoscale to generate size- dependent functionalities different from atom/molecules/bulk materials.
2
Q
what is nanomaterial?
A
Material with at least one of its dimension is between 1-100 nm
3
Q
nanomaterials are expected to produce fibers ___ times stronger than steel at only ___th the weight— almost certainly the strongest fibers that will ever be made out of anything.”
A
100
1/6
4
Q
what does nanoscale mean?
A
1-100 nanometre
5
Q
what does The term “nanoscale properties/phenomena” means
A
properties which are attributable to size and their effects; these properties are distinguishable from the chemical or physical properties of individual atoms, individual molecules and bulk material;
6
Q
what does “manufactured” includes ?
A
engineering processes and the control of matter.
7
Q
what is ENM
A
engineered nanomaterials
8
Q
what are the 3 properties of ENMs
A
- More molecules/atoms on the surface
- Increased Surface area
- Dominance of quantum effects
9
Q
what is the size of atom/molecules
A
<1nm
10
Q
what is the size of nanoparticle?
A
1-100nm
11
Q
what is the size of bulk material
A
> 1000nm
12
Q
ENMs is diversity, list of nanomaterial is increasing, ___ possibilities of nanomaterial design
A
infinite
13
Q
what makes ENMs unique?
A
- -Increased % of surface exposed atoms
- -Novel functionalities
- -Sophistication
14
Q
Nanomaterials behave ___ in biological system
A
differently
15
Q
AuNPs-> DNA intercalating ->__
A
Cancer treatment
16
Q
5 applications of nanotechnology?
A
clean energy clean water clean air clean land good health
17
Q
ex of clean energy
A
− Solar cells − Fuel cells − Batteries − Bio fuels
18
Q
ex of clean water
A
•Wastewater •Seawater
19
Q
ex of clean air
A
CO2 capturing
20
Q
ex of clean land
A
- Environmental remediation
* Green chemistry
21
Q
what are the function of nanotechnology in plant?
A
enhancing plant nutrition and disease resistance
22
Q
ex of nanotechnology in handling surface
A
Food handling surfaces coted with antimicrobial agents
23
Q
ex of nanotechnology in food processing
A
Surfaces that withstand mechanical abrasions
24
Q
diff between small molecule and nanoparticles in identity
A
- -Chemical composition and molecular weight
- -Chemical composition, size, shape, amorphous or crystal, surface chemistry etc.
25
diff between small molecule and nanoparticles in transformation in body
- Enzymatic
| - Physiochemical environment (pH, salt concentration, biomolecules adsorption, protein corona etc.)
26
diff between small molecule and nanoparticles in metrics
- molarity
| - weight, surface area, surface reactivity
27
diff between small molecule and nanoparticles in vascular movement
- diffusion
| - Hydrodynamics of particles determined by their size and shape
28
diff between small molecule and nanoparticles in protein binding
- Non-specific protein binding, primarily with albumin
- Dynamic interaction of nanoparticles with proteins, to form bio-corona. Determined by availability and affinity of the protein and the material chemistry.
29
diff between small molecule and nanoparticles in circulation through body
- Systemic distribution through circulatory system.
| - Trafficking
30
diff between small molecule and nanoparticles in tissue trapping
- Mainly determined by type of charge and hydrophobicity
| - Determined by colloidal properties, agglomeration, aggregation, depending on pH, ionic strength. NMs may transform
31
diff between small molecule and nanoparticles in cellular uptake
- Diffusion or by molecular transporters
| - Vesicular transport
32
diff between small molecule and nanoparticles in elimination
- Via liver and kidney
| - Size dependent, NMs <6 nm get cleared via kidney. Degradation in hepatic
33
what makes nanomaterials unique w.r.t biological interactions?
```
identity
transformation
metrics
vascular movement
protein binding
circulation
tissue trapping
cellular uptake
elimination
```
34
Nano Fe(III) absorption in humans correlated with?
serum iron increase and direct in vitro cellular uptake, but not with gastric solubility.
35
Nano-Fe uptake is independent of ?
transporter .
36
Uptake is through ___and dissolution in the __
endocytosis
| lysosome.
37
IHAT showed ~___%relative bioavailability to ___in humans and, in a rodent model
80
| Fe(II) sulfate
38
IHAT did/didnot accumulate in the intestinal mucosa ,promoted a ___ microbiota.
didn't
| benefical
39
HAT was __ less __ than Fe(II) sulfate/ascorbate. Nano Fe(III) manifests _____ in cellular and murine models and shows efficacy at
treating ______
14-fold less toxic
minimal acute intestinal
toxicity
iron deficiency anaemia.
40
nanotechnology can improve?
bioavailability of nutrients
41
ex of Improving the bioavailability of nutrients by nanotechnology
--Iron from nanocompounds containing
iron and zinc is highly bioavailable in
rats without tissue accumulation.
--control release VD3
42
Cost effective methods for increasing bioavailability of ___-nutrients
micro
43
what are other application of nanotechnology?
- food applications of QD
- rapid detection of food borne pathogens
- imaging of gluten network in bread
44
what is QD?
quantum dots
45
adv of silica particle
good material with diverse food application. high volume production material.
Estimated daily dietary in take is 9.4 mg SAS particles/kg body weight
46
Addition of silica improves the___ properties of spices
milling
47
what other adv of silica?
```
Improved flowability
•Exact dosing
•Improved storage stability • Increased productivity
• Constant quality
• Cost savings
```
48
___ products containing NM
| Market share for nanotechnology in food and agriculture is ___?
140
| 0.9 trillion
49
application filed of nanotechnology?
- flavor enhance, fortification
- food processing, food contact material
- antimicrobial package, gas permeability
- tracking RFID with sensor
- fertilizer, pesticide, drug delivery, infection control
50
Areas of nanotech applications in food production
- animal nutrition
- disease control and monitoring
- vaccine
- plant nutrition
- pesticide
- food additives
- packaging application
- food/health supplements
51
the most material contact in food of nano?
silicon dioxide
titanium dioxide
microcrystalline cellulose
nano-calcium
52
summary of application ENMs in food:ENPs/ENMs are being widely employed in the food industries
to:
(1) Prevent microbial and oxidation spoilage of packaged foods
(2) Food processing surfaces with antimicrobial properties, better heat transfer, and wear& tear properties
(3) Improve colors, consistency and flavors,
(4) Modify the texture and taste of foods,
(5) Detect allergens and microbial pathogens
(6) Increase the bioavailability of vitamins and minerals
53
4 steps learn nano
- intro
- indicators of potential health hazard
- pathway to sustainable nanotech
- research studies
54
__ inorganic particles (manufactured) ingested
10^12-14
55
3 pathway after injestion
- --------elimation
- --------absorption-->systemic circulation-->poteintal interaction-->dissolution OR no dissolution-->excretion OR retention
- -------disolution-->elimination
56
enzyme in oral, stomach, SI,LI
amylase-degrade CHO
pepsinogen-de Protein
protese, lipase, amylase
NA-microbial degradation,
57
passive diffusion in?
oral, Stomach,SI, LI
58
passive,active, fatilitate diffusion in?
SI
| LI
59
harmful of TiO2
TiO2 nanomaterials induced endothelial cell leakage
60
processing pathway depended toxicity of amorphous silica nanoparticle ex.
colloidal vs pyrolytic
--hemolytic cleavage
61
fumed silica has higher/lower % hemolysis than stober silica
higher
--higher [] higher % hemolysis
62
which 2 has the highest % hemolysis?
as received group
| and rehydrated group
63
__ will reduce 25,50 ug/ml % hemolysis
calcined at 600, 800oC
64
Silica particles are not ___
neutral
65
Silica particles active ____ cell
dendritic
66
silica particle Potential to cause increased incidence of
inflammatory bowel disease or other chronic intestinal disorders
67
Potential implications of nanotechnology to human and environmental health, mechanistic injury pathway
- -redox activity
- -dissolution, shedding toxic ion
- -cationic toxicity
- -lung fibrosis
- -inflammasome activation
- -photoactivation
- -embryo hatching interference
- -membrane lysis
68
risk= __ x__
hazard x exposure
69
risk identification--> ___ &___assessment--> risk characterization --> risk management
exposure
| dose-response
70
Relevance of nanomaterials detection in food
1. Health risk assessment of nanomaterial added food
2. Identify the change in nanomaterials properties when they incorporated into different food matrix and transport through different biological compartments (mouth-stomach-small intestine-liver-blood etc)
3. Verify claims related to the use of nanomaterials
71
Challenge for the Detection and Quantification of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) in Food
1. Challenges with identifying the physical or ionic form (identity)-- defined by their size and chemistry. --needs to be detected together
2. Challenges in quantifying the ENMs
Extremely low concentration of ENMs need instruments with high sensitivity
3. Interference from matrix and naturally occurring nanomaterials
Specificity of instrument to differentiate between natural particles and ENMs
4. Possible transformation of ENMs in the food matrix and during sample preparation (e.g. agglomeration, aggregation, and dissolution)
5. Potential variations originating from different surface chemistry or shape 6. Challenges in differentiating naturally occurring nanomaterials from ENMs
72
Protocols for Detection and Quantification of NMs in Food
sampling-->sample preparation: matrix degradation or NMs extraction-->purification and concentration-->detection,quantification and characterization
73
e.g. of sample preapration
acid digestion of isolating SiO2
Alkaline digestion ofr metalic NMs
digestive enzyes
extract with water or solvent added with surfactant, ionic liquid and alkanethiols
74
e.g. of purification and concentration
centrifugation
filtration
chromatography
75
e.g of detection quantification and characterization
single particle ICP-MS
e-microscopy combined with EDX
FTIR and Raman mucroscopy
spectroscopic methods
76
ICP-OES and ICP-MS belong to which step?
detection and quantification
77
what is ICP-OES
inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy
78
what does FFF-UV-V? and belong to?
combined techniques
| light detector
79
what does FFF-ICP-MS/ICP-OES belong to?
combined technique
80
list 2 combined technique
FFF-UV-V
| FFF-ICP-ICP-OES
81
ICP-MS/ICP-OES use___? sample amount?
| pretreatment? cost? suitable for high throughput analysis?
```
Ag TiO2
mg
microwave or hot plat digestion with concentration acid
low cost, high expertise
high production analysis
```
82
e- microscopy is widely use to?
determine the size, shape, and other elemental properties of NPs/NMs in food matrices
83
what is TEM?
transmission EM
84
TEM is suitable for?
imaging NPs with a resolution of 0.5 nm
85
The NPs appear as __dots on a lighter background.
dark
86
EDX detector is used to?
get the elemental composition of NMs
87
why specimen has to be very thin?
In TEM, electrons are transmitted through a specimen (therefore, the specimen has to be very thin) to obtain an image;
88
how is scattered e- detect in SEM?
at the sample interface for imaging.
89
what are the limitation for e- microscopy?
Tedious sample preparation
Need to dry the samples
Not a quantitative technic
TEM is mostly used to localize and identify inorganic particles.
90
TEM is mostly used to ___?
localize and identify inorganic particles.
91
what is FFF?
Field Flow Fractionation Chromatography
92
FFF used to?
separate particles based on their sizes.
93
principle of FFF-ICP-MS
1. upper channel plate is impermeable, bottom permeable
2. the flow of liquid create parabolic flow profile, the stream mover slower when it close to boundary edges, center flow is faster
3. accumulation wall" of the cannel is create when the analyes are driven to the boundary layer when there is perpendicular force field applied to the flow
4. different size particles are separated by the velocity gradient flowing inside the channel
5. smaller faster
6. ICP-MS combined with FFF to detect and quantify elemental composition
94
FFF-ICP-MS: upper channel plate is __, bottom __
impermeable
| permeable
95
FFF-ICP-MS:the flow of liquid create ____, the stream mover ___ when it close to boundary edges, center flow is ___
parabolic flow profile
slower
faster
96
FFF-ICP-MS: "accumulation wall" of the cannel is create when ____ when there is ______applied to the flow
the analyes are driven to the boundary layer when there is perpendicular force field applied to the flow
97
FFF-ICP-MS: different size particles are separated by ____
velocity gradient flowing inside the channel
98
FFF-ICP-MS: small , __?
small faster
99
ICP-MS combined with FFF to ___?
detect and quantify elemental composition
100
descibe the quantification of siica particle in food. steps
```
weight 0.8g
transfer to teflon flask
add 8ml concentrated nitric acid
microwave digestion
cool down
dilution with water at a factor of 14
quantify amount of SIO2 using ICP-MS or ICP-OES
```
101
SFCR
safe food for canadaian regulation : Modern food safety requirements for businesses that import food, or prepare food to be exported or sold across provinces
102
Canada is a participating member country in Organization for Economic Co- operation and Development (OECD) and The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) , both of which has working groups for identifying ____
health safety of nanomaterials.
103
Regulation on Food Information to Consumers
This regulation considers labelling of food, which also includes the labelling of nanoparticles.
104
Framework Regulation
general requirements for all food contact materials
105
Novel food regulation
This regulation focuses on foods and food ingredients that were not used for human consumption to a significant degree in the EU before 15 May 1997
106
stage of ENMs
```
nanomaterial
incorporate to food
food processing e.g. dry/wet heat
transport and storage
consumption
waste disposal
```
107
2 significance
- biological uptake and cellular process
| - free racial and reactive oxygen species generate and active stress and pathology
108
e.g of charactization
surface absoprtion of matrix component
dissolution
hydrophobicity
enzymatic
