12: Cognitive and Humanistic Psychology Flashcards
(26 cards)
What is Cognitive Psychology?
It uses the mind as a computer metaphor where human beings are understood as information processors, following certain rules and using feedback. An example is how the brain is viewed as input, processed through memory based on control units and arithmetic/logic until producing an output.
What are the features of cognitive psychology?
It studies the mind objectively, through indirect reconstruction of its structure and process (observing the output and input and to infer using computers). It understands the mind as a system of information processing and knowing.
What were influences of cognitive psychology?
Behaviorism, Gestalt and computer science (Wiener’s cybernetics and the turing test)
What were Wiener’s Cybernetics?
The idea that a system is not linear but has feedback loops. Specifically, in regards to human behaviour/mind.
What was the Turing Test?
It is a test where if we believe that the computer is a human, it is intelligent.
What led to the Emergence of Cognitive Psychology?
Miller with the magical number seven minus 2, the Darmouth Conference (Logic Theory machine of Newell and Simon (AI)) and Chomsky’s Three Models for the Description of Language -> innate ability to human language and Syntactical Structures.
What led to the consolidation of Cognitive Psychology?
Miller, Galanter and Pribram (Plan’s and the structure of behaviour) and Neisser “Cognitive Psychology”
What is TOTE
Test, Operation, Test and Exit. Humans can make plans (such as for daily scheduales) and with each activity there is a goal, a moment when you try to achieve a goal, a moment to see whether you have achieved a goal and an exit of the task. This is the smallest feedback loop we have that we do daily.
How was AI programming doing in the 1960s?
Computers could even follow up in conversations as a therapist.
What was the context surrounding humanistic psychology?
It was based around a society of protesting, antimilitarism, sexual liberation, social revolution, feminism, antiauthoritarianism and student movements. People followed idols who went against society and who inspired intellectuals.
What were the origins of Humanistic Psychology?
Based a lot on hippie’s who believed in peace, freedom and love.
What was Humanistic psychology aligned with?
Gestalt Psychology (developmental and personality psychology), Holism, phenomenology and Post-Freudian psychoanalysis (Jung)
What did Humanistic psychology protest against?
Freudian Psychoanalysis, cognitive psychology, positivism, atomistic analysis and capitalist society (specifically, they want to help the people who suffer under capitalism.
Who were some Humanistic Psychologists?
Life-span psychologist Charlotte Buhler and researchers working on personality and psychotherapy (Carl R. Rogers and Abraham Maslow
Who was Charlotte Buhler?
She directed a child development institute along with her husband and wrote “the Human Life Course as Psychological Problem” covering the whole lives (by recounting old people’s lives) of 250 people. After, they fled to the US where Buhler worked with Maslow to promote a third force in psychology insisting on the primary roles of values in life. She theorised about the determinants of goal setting and was wondering about self-fufillment and self-determination.
What were the early works of humanistic psychology?
There was a lot published by Buhler, Rogers and Maslow that only got recognition and attention in the 1970s.
How did Humanistic Psychology develop?
It started with the first issue of the Journal for Humanistic Psychology and American Association for Humanistic Psychology in 1961; with a new APA division in 1971
Who was Mother Teresa?
She was a Catholic nun and missionary. She aimed to take care of the poorest of the poor. She was used as an idol in Humanistic Psychology and an example of how Freud was wrong about his negative perception of humanity.
What were the characteristics of Humanistic Psychology?
It was a perpective and social movement with their approach being phenomenological and holistic (humans are more than the sum of their parts. Their objective was to study the human being as a person. They studied human qualities of being a person and the unique human and society/context (ideals, beliefs, creativity, affectivity, dignity, responsibility (for our actions). The two tools we have as humans is consciousness and awareness and thereby everyone should have the ability for individual freedom and self-realization.
Who was James Frederick Thomas Bugental?
He was one of the advocates for Existential Humanistic Therapy movement. His 8 points of critique in Humanistic psychology, a new break-though, were:
1. Man is a composite of part functions
2. Model of science from physics
3. Model of a practitioner from medicine
4. Compartmentalisation of institutions and training
5. Statistical frequency
6. Clinical team
7. Diagnosis as basis for treatment
What were Bugental’s 3 RRRs?
- Remembering
- Reconciling
- Reunion
(Reflections)
Who was Carl Rogers?
Although his work started in the 1940s, his methods become popular in the 1960s. He established encounter groups, very human and contrary to work offices to allow people a warm place against harsh working environments. He created this further with establishing “clients” instead of “patients”.
What was Roger’s Therapy?
Two people are in contact where the client finds himself in a state of internal convulsion, vulnerable and anxious. The therapist finds an internal coincident state offering unconditional and positive regard, empathetic understanding, honesty and integrity. Which, the client perceives.
What was integral to Roger’s Therapy?
Listening - being concentrated on the client and their voice, being sensitive and empathetic, not judging or directing and contemplative
