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Childhood Dev't > 12. Cognitive Dev't in Middle Childhood > Flashcards

12. Cognitive Dev't in Middle Childhood Flashcards

1
Q

Which of Piaget’s cognitive stages is middle childhood?

A

Concrete operational (7-11)

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2
Q

What happens in the concrete operational stage?

A

children use mental operations

  • decentered thinking
  • can mentally reverse
  • egocentrism wanes
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3
Q

what are mental operations?

A

strategies and rules that make thinking more systematic and powerful

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4
Q

what are the limits to concrete operational thinking?

A

limited to the tangible and concrete, here and now in practical ways
- unable to think abstractly, hypothetically

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5
Q

how does children’s memory improve during middle childhood (2 ways)

A
  1. more effective memory strategies

2. factual knowledge of the world helps them organize info more completely and therefore remember better

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6
Q

what are memory strategies?

A

deliberate activities that improve remembering

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7
Q

how do memory strategies work? (3 main ways)

A
  1. help maintain info in working memory
  2. help transfer info to long-term memory
  3. help retrieve info from long-term memory
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8
Q

example of memory strategies developed in middle childhood

A
  • rehearsal
  • writing things down
  • attending to main points - outline/summary
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9
Q

how does monitoring play into memory?

A
  • choose goal, choose strategy, monitor effectiveness, reanalyze/change strategy if not effective
  • if strategy effective, identify material not learned, focus on that material
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10
Q

define script

A

a memory structure used to describe the sequence in which events occur

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11
Q

what is monitoring

A

assessing the effectiveness of a memory strategy and one’s progress towards a learning goal

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12
Q

how does knowledge aid memory

A

understanding relations between items promotes remembering by organizing information to be remembered

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13
Q

what is a psychometric theory?

A

intelligence as a hierarchy of general and specific skills.

- based on measurement of psychological characteristics, usually with a scorable questionnaire or test

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14
Q

how are psychological characteristics typically tested?

A
  • administering a large number of tests
  • if performance changes on one test match performance changes on another test, this suggests that they are measuring the same attribute
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15
Q

describe the concept of general intelligence

A

the idea that some people are more/less smart regardless of the situation or task

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16
Q

what is psychometric g?

A

intelligence as defined and measured by mental tasks (as distinct from broader, more inclusive concepts of intelligence

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17
Q

describe Carroll’s hierarchic theory of intelligence

A

g (general intelligence at the top

- eight broad categories of intellectual skill, each broken down into specific skills

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18
Q

what is the critique of Carroll’s hierarchic theory?

A

it ignores Piaget and research/theory on cognitive development

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19
Q

describe Gardner’s theory of multiple intelligences

A
  • drawn from research on child development, brain injury, gifted people
  • presents a broader theory of intelligence
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20
Q

What are the 7 types of intelligence according to Gardner?

A
  1. linguistic
  2. logical-mathematical
  3. spatial
  4. musical
  5. bodily-kinesthetic
  6. interpersonal
  7. intrapersonal
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21
Q

describe characteristics of Gardner’s 7 intelligences

A
  • each has a unique developmental history
  • each is regulated by a different brain area
  • each is associated with gifted individuals
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22
Q

define savant

A

a person who is intellectually delayed but also extremely talented in one particular domain (ex. musical)

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23
Q

define social-cognitive flexibility

A

a person’s skill in solving social problems with relevant social knowledge

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24
Q

What is the triarchic theory of successful intelligence?

A

Sternberg’s theory about intelligence: intelligence is culturally-defined.

  • Focus on processes: info-processing/strategies, experience/familiarity of tasks, personal/cultural relevance of tasks
  • based on 3 sub theories:
    1. componential theory
    2. experiential theory
    3. contextual theory
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25
what is the componential sub theory?
the theory that intelligence depends on efficient organization and use (e.g. strategies) of basic cognitive processes, called components
26
what are components?
information processing skills involved in basic cognitive processing
27
what is the experiential sub theory?
the idea that intelligence is revealed in both novel and familiar tasks (level of experience is relevant)
28
what is the contextual sub theory?
the idea that intelligent behaviour involves skillfully adapting to an environment (cultural context: personal/cultural relevance of tasks)
29
what did Sternberg caution wrt intelligence test scores?
Cautioned against comparing test scores of different cultural, ethnic, or racial groups: test items are not equally relevant or novel/familiar in cultural terms.
30
what does brain research say about intelligence?
- it arises from brain networks that are anatomically distinct Main components: working memory, reasoning/logic, verbal ability
31
define mental age
the difficulty level of problems that children could correctly solve at various ages. Simon/Binet used this to determine intelligence (6-yr-old with MA of 9 was considered bright)
32
define intelligence quotient
Terman: the mathematical ratio of mental age to chronological age (revised Simon/Binet test as Stanford-Binet test) IQ=MA/CA x 100
33
what is an average IQ score?
100
34
66% of children have an IQ score between _ and _
85 and 115
35
95% of children have an IQ score between _ and _
70 and 130
36
how are IQ scores calculated now?
by comparing test performance to children of the same age
37
what is dynamic testing? | what is it based on?
measuring a child's learning potential by having the child learn something new in the presence of the examiner and with the examiner's help - based on Vygotsky's zone of proximal development and scaffolding
38
what is differentiated instruction?
making adaptations to the classroom environment and teaching methods to accommodate children's personal strengths, weaknesses, and preferred ways of learning.
39
what is response to intervention (RTI)?
an educational model based on frequent progress monitoring and evidence-based, strategic responses to students' measured achievement goals - an early-intervention approach - effectiveness as an educational strategy has not been assessed
40
what is the evidence for heredity as an influence on intelligence? (2 points)
tests show more genetic similarity = more similar intelligence scores, more similarity over time children's IQs more similar to biological than adoptive parents, especially over time
41
how does the HOME test demonstrate importance of environmental factors in IQ
high scores linked to: - stimulating parents - variety of appropriate play materials (Euro heritage) - well-organized home (African heritage)
42
what are culture-fair intelligence tests?
psychological tests designed to eliminate group differences due to culture
43
why don't culture-fair intelligence tests eliminate group differences?
- the testing situation itself is a cultural phenomenon - intercultural differences in abstract reasoning lead to cultural bias - wariness of strangers and bad experiences with authority figures can lead to biased results
44
In short, what gender-based differences exist in intellectual skill?
- girls tend to have better verbal skill | - boys tend to have better mathematical and visual-spatial skill (also environmental influences)
45
define mental rotation
the ability to imagine how an object will look after it has been moved in space - an element of visual-spatial ability
46
describe the complications in gender-based math scores (4 points)
- earlier in childhood, girls score higher, then it reverses in high school - girls' test scores can be lower than class scores - may be influenced by social factors (girls less confidant because perceived as less capable) - differences could be related to boys' higher visual-spatial skill
47
define word recognition
the process of identifying a unique pattern of letters
48
define comprehension
the process of extracting meaning from a sequence of words
49
define phonological awareness
the ability to distinguish the distinctive sounds of letters
50
how does word recognition occur?
- individual letters are identified | - long-term memory is searched for a match
51
how does reading develop in kids?
- context is a big help (recognize letters better in words than in non-words) - with more experience, children sound out fewer words and retrieve more
52
how does comprehension occur?
by by combining words to form propositions, then combining propositions
53
what is a proposition?
an idea developed by combining words
54
what factors contribute to improved comprehension?
- working memory capacity increases (more room to hold info while identifying propositions) - more general knowledge allows greater understanding of read material - use more appropriate reading strategies - better comprehension-monitoring
55
what 3 component skills are involved in reading?
- pre-reading skills - word recognition - comprehension
56
what are pre-reading skills?
- knowing letter names - phonological awareness - linking sounds to the names of letters
57
what 4 factors contribute to improved writing quality?
- greater knowledge/access to knowledge - better understanding of organization - greater ease in writing mechanics - better revision skills (recognize and correct problems)
58
what is a knowledge-telling strategy?
a writing strategy in which information on a topic is written down as it is retrieved from memory. - often used by young writers
59
what is a knowledge-transforming strategy?
a writing strategy in which the writer decides what information to include and how to organize it before writing it down - used more towards the end of middle childhood
60
how does mastering mechanics of writing improve writing quality?
focusing on correct letter formation, spelling, and grammar causes writing to suffer. Mastering these means being able to focus on other aspects (content).
61
what differences are there between Japan, Taiwan, and USA? (regarding math performance)
- time in school and how it was used - time spent on homework and attitudes towards it - parents' attitudes (academic standards) - parents' beliefs about effort and ability
62
what factors are associated with success in school?
- staff/students understand that academic excellence is the goal of school and students - school climate is safe and nurturing - parents are involved - progress of students/teachers/programs is monitored
63
Importance of teachers: students learn most when teachers... (7 points)
- manage the class effectively so they can focus on teaching - believe they're responsible for their students' learning, and students will learn when taught well - emphasize mastery of subjects - teach actively - pay attention to pacing - value tutoring - teach children self-monitoring techniques to manage their own learning
64
what are the benefits to computer use in schools?
- tutoring - individualized, interactive, self-paced instruction - experiential learning

Childhood Dev't (15 decks)

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