7. Social/Emotional Dev't in Infants & Toddlers

Question 1

6 basic emotions

Answer 1

happiness, anger, surprise, fear, disgust, sadness

- appear early in infancy

Question 2

emotion

Answer 2

subjective feeling
+ physiological change
+ overt behaviour

Question 3

complex emotions

Answer 3

pride, guilt, shame/embarrassment

• have an evaluative component
• expressed differently depending on culture
• 18-24 mo.

Question 4

social smiles

Answer 4

smiles at some one, or when some one comes in sight

• starts around 2 mo.
• sometimes accompanied by cooing
• expression of pleasure at seeing some one

Question 5

laughter

Answer 5

• 4 mo. - physical stimulation (tickle)

- 1 yr. - unexpected turns of event during familiar - psychological stimulation

Question 6

anger

Answer 6

distinct at 4-6 mo.

- when something is taken away, or with frustration

Question 7

stranger wariness

Answer 7

first distinct fear response

• 6 mo.
• related to attachment

Question 8

when do babies start to distinguish emotions in others?

Answer 8

6-7 months

Question 9

social referencing

Answer 9

looking to a trusted caregiver for clues about how to react to a situation

Question 10

when does emotion regulation start

Answer 10

4-6 mo.

• turn away from frightening things
• move closer to caregiver (fear)

Question 11

attachment

Answer 11

an enduring social-emotional relationship with a responsive caring person who is consistently available to the child

Question 12

John Bowlby

Answer 12

ethologist who argued that children who form an attachment to an adult are more likely to survive
- infant behaviour has evolved to elicit caregiving

Question 13

influences on attachment in infancy

Answer 13

• synchronization
• attentiveness & responsiveness
• mental health

Question 14

age by which an attachment is established

Answer 14

• 6-7 mo. infants have identified the primary attachment figure
• 8-9 mo. attachment established between mother/child

Question 15

internal working model

Answer 15

a set of expectations about parents’ availability and responsivity generally and in times of stress

• impacts relationships throughout life
• can change over the lifespan

Question 16

Canadian infants wrt mothers/fathers

Answer 16

• father usually spends more time playing
• mother more time taking care
• father play more physical, mother play more reading, talking, interactive games
• fathers preferred for play, mothers for comfort

Question 17

Mary Ainsworth

Answer 17

• studied attachment at U. of T.
• Strange Situation - a series of 3-min stages where the mother leaves the child in a room and then returns
• identified 4 primary attachment types

Question 18

4 attachment types

Answer 18

1. secure
2. avoidant
3. anxious/resistant
4. disorganized

Question 19

secure attachment

Answer 19

• baby may or may not cry when mom leaves
• when she returns, baby wants to be with her
• mom’s return is soothing
• 60-65%

Question 20

avoidant attachment (insecure)

Answer 20

• baby is not upset when mom leaves
• ignores her on return
• 20%

Question 21

anxious/resistant attachment (insecure)

Answer 21

• baby is upset when mom leaves
• upset when she returns
• not easily soothed by her
• 10-15%

Question 22

disorganized (disoriented) attachment (insecure)

Answer 22

• baby confused when mom leaves and returns

- 5-10%

Question 23

consequences of quality of attachment

Answer 23

lay foundation for later relationships

• secure = confident preschoolers; higher quality friendships, fewer conflicts in friendships; superior understanding of emotions, better ability to regulate emotions, more emotional expressiveness
• insecure = social problems as preschoolers; more likely to have behavioural problems

Question 24

factors determining quality of attachment

Answer 24

• parents are attentive, responsive, dependable, and caring = trust is established
• parents’ infant attachment to their own parents
• autonomous attachment type
• infant’s temperament (difficult babies are taxing)
• mother flexibility

Question 25

three groups of parents wrt attachment to attachment relationships with their own parents

Answer 25

1. autonomous - describe childhood objectively, positive and negative 2. dismissive - describe childhood in general terms, ideal parents 3. preoccupied - describe childhood emotionally, anger or confusion about their parents

Question 26

reactive attachment disorder

Answer 26

a mental disorder involving disturbances in emotional functioning and a pattern of inappropriate interpersonal behaviours in children, thought to result from disrupted early attachment

Question 27

privation

Answer 27

a condition in which the basic necessities and comforts of life are not adequately provided

Question 28

how does peer interaction progress in year 1?

Answer 28

- 6 mo: look, smile, point - over the next months, babble when with other infants - 6-10 mo: evaluation of behaviour of others

Question 29

non-social play

Answer 29

playing alone, or watching but not playing

Question 30

parallel play

Answer 30

playing alone but near others, while maintaining an interest in others - starting around a year

Question 31

simple social play

Answer 31

interacting socially during play activities (talk, smile, offer toys) - 15-18 mo

Question 32

co-operative play

Answer 32

play organized around a theme, involves kids taking roles based on that theme - around 2 y

Question 33

self-concept

Answer 33

attitudes, behaviours, and values that a person believes make the self unique

Question 34

self-recognition stages

Answer 34

- 1 yr: baby responds to baby in the mirror & touch a red mark on the baby's face - 15 mo: babies touch their own face when they see the red mark in the mirror - - look more at photos of themselves than others - - refer to themselves by name or with a personal pronoun

Question 35

temperament

Answer 35

a baby's consistent mood and style of behaviour

Question 36

Thomas and Chess temperament categories

Answer 36

1. easy - usually happy, adjusted well to new situations, regular routines for eating, sleeping, toileting (40%) 2. difficult - often unhappy, not adjust well to new situations, irregular routines, withdraw from new things, intense reactions (10%) 3. slow-to-warm-up - unhappy and did not adjust well to new situations, but did not respond intensely and were inactive (15%) The rest were in no category / average on test dimensions

Question 37

9 dimensions of temperament in the NY longitudinal study

Answer 37

1. activity level 2. rhythmicity 3. approach/withdrawal 4. distractibility 5. adaptability 6. intensity of reaction 7. mood 8. threshold 9. attention span and persistence

Question 38

Buss and Plomin temperament categories

Answer 38

1. emotionality - the strength of an emotional response to a situation, how easily it's triggered, how easily returned to original state 2. activity - the tempo and vigour of their movements 3. sociability how social

Question 39

Schmidt and Fox temperament categories

Answer 39

1. bold/exuberant | 2. shy/socially withdrawn