12 - Mouth & Esophagus Flashcards by Rachel Lai

What are the basic processes of the alimentary canal

ingestion
secretion
motility: movement down a athway
digestion
absorption
defecation

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What structures help with mastication (chewing)

teeth
cheek
tongue
lips
muscles of mastication
salivary glands (3 pairs) – 1 to 1.5 liters/day

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Where is the oral cavity

space between the gums and teeth to the fauces (passages)

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What are the structures of the oral cavity

lips
gums (mucous membrane)
teeth
cheek (keep food in)
superior labial frenulum (where lip is tied)
inferior labial frenulum
hard palate (bony structure of skull)
soft palate (skeletal muscle covered in mucous membrane to keep food in)
uvula (sensory receptors – vomit response)
lingual frenulum (restricts tongue movement)
opening of duct of submandibular gland (salivary gland duct)

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What are primary tastes

sweet
bitter
salty
sour
umami (savory)

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Where are taste buds found

on the papillae of the tongue

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What are the types of papillae

vallate papillae
fungiform papillae
foliate papillae
filiform papillae

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vallate papillae

12 each containing 100-300 taste buds

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fungiform papillae

scattered over tongue each containing 5 taste buds

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foliate papillae

in the lateral margins of tonuge – degenerate in childhood

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filiform papillae

tactile sensations and friction

contains gustatory receptor cells (sensory neurons)

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What are the cranial nerves involved in gustation
Where are they located

facial nerve (CN VII) – anterior two thirds of the tongue
glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX) posterior one third of tongue
vagus nerve (X) – throat and epiglottis (allow gustatory sensations to come through)

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Which nerve is responsible for conveying tactile (touch) sensations from the tongue and tooth aches

CN V – trigeminal nerve (mandibular branch)

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What are the types of teeth
What are their functions
Where are they located

incisors – cutting – front 4
canines – tearing – side 2
premolars – crushing – sider 4 (not in primary dentition)
molars – grinding – sidest 6

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What are the two dentitions in humans

primary dentitions – deciduous (falling out)
secondary dentitions – permanent

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What are the three major outer regions of the tooth

crown
neck
root

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What holds teeth in place

periodontal ligaments composed of collagen (requires the formation of vitamin C)

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Enamel

hardest substance of the body
(95% calcium salts – harder than bone)

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Dentin

consists of 70% calcium salts – also harder than bone

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Pulp

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supplied by a neurovascular bundle that maintains the connective tissue of the tooth

What are the salivary glands for mastication
What is the function
What nerves innervate

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sublingual (mucin + lipase)
- breaks down fats @ low pH
- activated in fight or flight
- gives substance to saliva
- CN IX (hypoglossal)
- SNS

submandibular (serous + amylase)
- CN VII (facial)

parotid (serous + amylase)
- watery saliva –> lubricates food
- breaks down starches
- plaque build up where saliva is secreted
- CN VII (facial)

What do the intrinsic muscles of the tongue do

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help to change the shape of the tongue to aid in speech and swallowing

What are the three groups of the intrinsic tongue muscles

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longitudinal muscles (sup and inf – legnth of tongue)
- shorten tongue

transverse muscles (left to right)
- think tongue

vertical muscles (up and down)
- flatten tongeu

What are the skeletal muscles of the tongue innervated by

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hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)

What covers the tongue

muscous membrane

What do the extrinsic muscles of the tongue

originate outside the tongue and help shape food into a bolus and maneuver food for mastication and swallowing

What muscles attach the tongue to the nearby bones

hyoglossus - free floating bone - depresses tongue to floor of mouth for swallowing genioglossus (genio = chin) - pertrudes tongue styloglossus - long muscles

What nerve innervates the extrinsic muscles of the tongue

hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)

What do the muscles of mastication do

- move the mandible against the maxilla to assist in chewing and talking - consists of muscles of facial expression that manipulate cheek and lips

What nerve innervates the muscles of facial expression

CN VII -- facial

What do the muscles of mastication act on

cheek (buccae) mouth (oris)

What does the buccinator do

puff cheeks

What does the orbicularis oris do

purse lips

What does the lateral and medial pterygoid do

move jaw side to side of back and forth

What is the temporalis

thin muscle

What does the masseter do

for talking and chewing (CN V)

Where does the esophagus extend from

oropharynx, through the neck and mediastinum (throax)

Where does the esophagus pass through

esophageal hiatus of the diaphragm and enters the abdominal cavity

What do the structures do that the esophagus passes through

necessitates a slight deviation (kink) in the route of the esophagus

What are the layers of the esophagus

mucosa submucosa muscularis adventitia

What are the layers of the mucosa layer

nonkeratinizd stratified squamous epithelium lamina propria (connective tissue) muscularis mucosae (smooth muscles to impose folds

What is the submucosa

muscular layer highway for nerves and blood vessels connect

what do peristaltic contractions do

help to propel a bolus of masticated food towards the stomach

What are the layers of the muscularis

inner circular outer longitudinal

What are the layers of the serosa/adventitia

mesothelium thin connective tissue

How does peristalsis function

coordinated contraction of the inner circular and outer longitudinal muscles - inner circular: pinch the tube -- migrates down the length of the esophagus - outer longitudinal: shortens tube in ahead of the bolus

How does deglutition (swallowing) work

1. voluntary -- bolus forced to back of oral cavity by tongue 2. pharyngeal -- marks the beginning of the involuntary stage of swallowing a) bolus enters oropharynx b) stretch of oropharynx elicits a reflex via the brainstem deglutition centre c) soft pallet and epiglottis close off nasal cavity and trachea, and the upper esophageal sphincter (UES) relax 3. esophageal -- waves of peristaltic contractions propel the bolus towards the stomach -- lower esophageal sphincter (LES) briefly relaxes to accommodate bolus

Which types of muscle makes up the esophagus

proximal 1/3 is skeletal distal 1/3 is smooth muscles

Why is the LES typically closed

to protect the esophagus from acidic gastric contents

12 - Mouth & Esophagus Flashcards

(49 cards)