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Anatomy > 16 and 17 > Flashcards

16 and 17 Flashcards

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1
Q

What does the urinary system consist of

A

retropertineal structures:
2 kidneys
2 ureters
one bladder
one urethra

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2
Q

what is the positioning of the kidneys

A

right one lower than left because of the liver on the right side

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3
Q

What is the function of the kidney

A

excreting wastes
regulating blood ionic composition
regulating blood pH
regulating blood volume
regulating blood pressure
maintaining blood osmolarity
producing hormones
regulating blood glucose

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4
Q

What are the three layers of tissue surrounding the kidney

A

renal capsule (inner): maintains shape
perineal fat capsule: adipose tissue
renal fascia (outer): connective tissue sleeve

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5
Q

What will happen as a result of loss of perineal fat

A

drooping (ptosis) of then kideny and potential “kinking” or the ureter – fluid back up in the kidney

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6
Q

What are the two regions of the kidney

A

outer cortex
inner medulla

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7
Q

Describe the medulla

A

consists of renal pyramid
- apex of pyramid is the papilla (points towards the renal hilum)

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8
Q

What is between the renal pyramids

A

renal columns

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9
Q

Describe the path of urine flow in the kidney

A

collecting duct
- papillary duct
minor calyx
major calyx
renal pelvis
ureters
urinary bladder (storage)
Urethra (discharge of urine)

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10
Q

Where can kidney stones get lodged in

A

ureteropelvic junction
crossing the iliopsoas muscle (and internal ilac artery)
ureterovesical junction

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11
Q

What would happen if the ureters were obstructed

A

expansion of the renal pelvis (hydronephrosis) and ureters (hydroureter)

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12
Q

What are blockages of the ureters caused by

A

renal ptosis, kidney stones, pregnancy, or strictures that form weh nteh ureter is scarred

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13
Q

What are the layers of the ureter

A

mucosa (urothelium and lamina propria) – innermost

muscularis (inner long., outer circ)

adventitia – outermost, glues ureter onto post abdominal wall

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14
Q

What type of movements aid in movement of urine to bladder

A

peristaltic contractions

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15
Q

What does the pysiological valve do

A

exists at the ureterovesical junction
- prevents urinary reflkux and provides some opposition to vacterial movement (prevents from going backwards)

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16
Q

How does the ureterovesical junction work

A

as the bladder fills, pressure on the blasser wall collapses the ureter, preventing backflow

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17
Q

What happens when the bladder is full

A

bladder is spherical and extends beyond the tip of the pubic bone

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18
Q

Where is the bladder in males

A

anterior to the rectum and superior to the prostate

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19
Q

What are the three segments of the bladder in males

A

prostate
pelvic floor muscles
penis

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20
Q

Where is the bladder in females

A

anterior to the vagina and inferior to the uterus

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21
Q

What covers the bladder
What does it do

A

peritoneum which aids in maintaining its position within the pelvis (anchors)

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22
Q

What lines the bladder

A

transitional epithelium that forms rugae when empty

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23
Q

What type of muscle does the bladder contain

A

involuntary smooth muscle
(detrusor mecules)

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24
Q

What is the bladder trigone

A

the openings of the paired ureters and single urethra

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25
What are sphincters derived from the pelvic floor muscles
internal urethral sphincter (smooth muscle) external urethral sphincter (skeletal muscle)
26
what are different words for the discharge of urine
micturition discharge voiding
27
What are stretch receptors stimulated
when the bladder fills with about 200-400 mL of urine
28
what happens after stretch receptors are stimulated
sends messages to the sacral portion of the spinal cord (afferent signals) triggers an autonomic (parasymp) reflex which causes the detrusor muscle to contract and the internal urethral sphincter (in males) to relax
29
Which sphincter can be consciously controlled
external urethral sphincter (in males and females) there must be a conscious effort to relax the external sphincter before urine can be passed through
30
What are the main parts of the nephrons
renal corpuscle -- where blood plasma is filtered tubules -- where renal filtrate is modified by tubular cells absorption and secretion
31
What is the renal corpscule made of
glomerulus (capillary network) and a glomerular capsule (captures glomerular filtrate)
32
Describe the pathway through the tubules
proximal convoluted tubule nephron loop: - descending limb (thin) - ascending limb (thick) distal convoluted tubule
33
where does glomerular filtration occur
in the renal corpuscle
34
Where does tubular reabsorption and secretion occur
along the renal tubule and collecting duct
35
What structure surrounds the tubules
peritubular capillaries
36
What lines the glomerular capsule
parietal layer
37
What is the glomerulus lined by
visceral layer
38
What does the glomerulus do
where the filtrate is made
39
What is between the glomerular capsule and glomerulus
capsular space (where filtrate is collected)
40
What is the juxtaglomerular apparatus
next to the glomerulus and helps to regulate its function
41
What are the layers of the juxtaglomerular apparatus
MD: macular densa - sense how much filtrate passing through GC: granular cells - makes renin MC: mesangial cells - modified smooth msucle to regulate size of capillaries
42
What is the filtration membrane of the glomerulus made of
fenestrated endothelial cells (capillary) basal lamina pedicels of podocytes that form filtration slits
43
what principle does filtration follow
size exclusion principle high capillary hydrostawtic pressure drives filtraawtion while blood oncotic pressure and capsular hydrostatic pressure oppose filtration
44
What do the pedicels of podocytes do
from filtration slits
45
How is glomerular filtration regulated - what change the rate
autoregulation -- mechanisms are internal (intrinsic) to the kidney altered by blood pressure changes in the clomerulus or leakiness of the capillaries
46
What are the two machanisms that regulat changes in the glomerular blood pressure
myogenic mechanism (built into muscles) tubuloglomerular feedback (distal tubules talking back to glomerulus)
47
What is myogenic mechanism
smooth muscle of the afferent arteriole stretched by the increase in BP and the afferent arteriole responds with constriction which decreases GFR arterial pressure increases the afferetn arteriole is stretched --> flow increases vascular smooth muscle responds by contracting thus increasing resistance --> flow returns to normal
48
What is tubuloglomerular feedback
the macula densa of the juxtaglomerular apparatus detects high amounts of filtrate flow -- increases adenosine release/ production which constricts the afferent arteriole which decreases GFR
49
what are the steps of tubuloglomerular feedback of GFR
1. high concentration or flow of Na+ in the distal convoluted tubule is sensed by the cells of the macula densa -- release of adenosine 2. adenosine causes constriction of the afferent arteriole,, reducing GFR
50
What is the main hormones that regulate GFR
Ang-II and atrial natriueretic peptide (ANP)
51
What does angiotensin II do to GFR
1. decrease in blood pressure & sympathetic nervous system stimulation 2. juxtaglomerular apparatus 3. angiotensinogen --> renin 4. angiotensin 1 --> ACE 5. angiotensin II 6. Constriction of systemic and glomerular afferetn arterioles 7. blood pressure increases decreases GFR because it constricts the afferent arterioles but increases blood pressure because it also constricts systemic arterioles
52
What substances are completely reabsorbed
glucose amino acids bicarbonate ion
53
What substances are regulated and thus partially reabsorbed
water sodium potassium chloride
54
What substances are excreted as waste
urea creatinine drugs and drug metabolites
55
What mechanisms work in reabsorption
active transport (requires energy) passive transport (substances moving down their electrochemical gradient) osmosis (movement of water following its concentration gradient through a semipermeable membrane)
56
What drives osmosis
movement of the solutes from the tubules to the interstitial fluid often requires energy
57
What does obligatory reabsorption mean
90% of water movement has to happen dragged along by the solutes being moved from tubule sto intersitial fluid
58
What does facultative reabsorption mean
10% of water movement can increase or decrease depending on the amount required by the body
59
Where will obligatory reabsorption occur
proximal convoluted tubule and descending loop of Henle - areas have tubules permeable to water
60
What controls facultative water reabsorption
antidiuretic hormone - makes the cells in the collecting duct permeable to water
61
What drives osmosis
passiive reabsorption (diffusion) of several ions as well as the waste product urea
62
Where is reabsorption most acitve
proximal convoluted tubuule - by the end, 100% of organic solutes have been reabsorbed, 60% of water reabsorbed
63
What are the routes in passive transport
paracellular route: solutes slip between the tight junctions of the cell transcellular route: into or out of the cells by following their electrochemical gradient
64
How is passive transport facilitated
by transport proteins as in the movement of glucose from inside the tubular cells to the interstitial fluid by leakage channels for some ions to facilitate their walk down the concentration gradient
65
What are the two types of active transport
primary active transport: strictly with the use of ATP secondary active transport: uses the energy of the movement of ions down their concentration gradietns to transport other solutes - symporter: transport protein moves solutes in the same direction - antiporter: transport protein moves solutes in the opposite direction - both are called co-transporters
66
Where does the reabsorption of glucose from the filtrate occur
proximal convoluted tubule
67
where does the Na+/H+ antiporter operate
proximal convoluted tubule

Anatomy (21 decks)

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