1.2 natural or man-made Flashcards

1
Q

Charles Darwin suggested

A

emotions are natural kinds complex automatic reflexes elicited by the stimuli in the environment (when triggered = will unfold), biologically hardwired and offer evolutionary adaptation

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2
Q

Eckman suggests emotions are

A

universal.

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3
Q

Eckman’s study of facial expressions

A

supported the theory that emotions are evolved biological responses.
Took photos of westerners expressing emotions to remote tribe in Papea new guinea
And pics of those back to America
= across culture/race/age/gender were able to understand which emotion was being communicated ==> biological response
5 basic emotions are universal across all societies - sadness joy fear disgust and anger

complex emotions have more cultural influence

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4
Q

Eckman - elements of Basic emotions

A

emotions are discrete and can be distinguished - includes facial, vocal, autonomic physiology and studying events that proceed one or another emotion.

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5
Q

evolution of emotions

A

evolved through adaptation to our surroundings. basic emotions are prewired responses to stimuli that has affected ancestors.
the language around emotions is socially constructed

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6
Q

physiology of emotions

anger, feb, happiness, surprise, disgust

A

facial expression is universal.
anger = blood flow to the arms and hands (Fight)
fear = blood redirected to legs and feet (flight)
happiness = oxytocin, serotonin etc. required, increasing energy available to help social bonding
surprise = brows raised and air quickly inhaled, increasing ability to react to a sudden and unknown stimulus
disgust = gag reflect and restricted airflow to olfactory receptors

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7
Q

problems with basic emotions approach

A

lack of consensus on the set of basic emotions - new emotions added to the list e.g. shame, guilt, relief, contentment

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8
Q

methodological issues of basic emotions approach

A

forced choice task without filler items, facial expressions display exaggerated, posed emotions
and there is a lack of reliable evidence for neurophysiological ‘blueprint’

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9
Q

emotions as mental constructs

A

william james - emotions are constructed by the mind, caused by the interpretation of bodily reactions

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10
Q

emotions as appraisal

- who and what

A

Arnold & Lazarus = appraisal theory.
emotions are adaptive responses which reflect appraisals of features of the environment –> we constantly evaluate events for personal relevance and this triggers emotions

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11
Q

components of an emotional episode

A

appraisal - evaluations, motivational - action tendencies , somatic - peripheral physiological responses, motor - expressive and instrumental behaviour, feeling - subjective experience

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12
Q

Appraisal

A

detects and assesses environmental significance conceptualised as the satisfaction or obstruction of concerns (needs, attachments, values, goals & beliefs).

need appraisal to decide whether we need to respond or not - don’t always need to react

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13
Q

emotions as psychological contructs

A

a single facial movement can be associated with many emotion categories –> context needed to understand

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14
Q

constructing emotions

A

perceived emotion also required wider context and verbal expression

neurological correlates of emotional arousal show some activation changes between different emotions but also lots of overlap = not distinct emotions

changes between people and cultures

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