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Anatomy > 12 - NS Sensory Systems > Flashcards

12 - NS Sensory Systems Flashcards

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1
Q

What do spinal nerves consist of

A

millions of axons that exit the vertebral column

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2
Q

Where do spinal nerves exit through

A

intervertebral foranima

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3
Q

What does the ventral spinal root do

A

sends out automatic and somatic motor signals

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4
Q

Where does sensory information return to the spinal cord

A

dorsal sensory root

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5
Q

What is the DRG

A

contains cell bodies of sensory neurons

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6
Q

Where are the axons of sensory neurons

A

all over the body - joints and muscles

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7
Q

When do mixed spinal nerves become peripheral nerves

A

When it exits the vertebral column
- because outside nervous system domain

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8
Q

What is a ventral ramus

A

innervate all the large flexor muscles of the front of the body
motor and sensory
mixed spinal nerves

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9
Q

Dorsal Ramus

A

innervate all the muscles that have an action on the spine
motor and sensory
mixed spinal nerves

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10
Q

Sympathetic Chain Ganglia

A

part of ventral ramus
Autonomic in nature
lie really close to vertebral column

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11
Q

Where does the spinal cord end

A

L2-L3
conus medullaris

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12
Q

What are the parts of the vetebral canal

A

cervical (8)
thoracic (12)
lumbar (5)
sacral (5)

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13
Q

What is the cauda equina
What is its importance

A

formed by the end (ish) spinal nerve roots
where to put needle for CSF collection (no spinal cord, get out of the way when needle is poked in)

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14
Q

What is the nerve plexus

A

mixed spinal nerve bundles
innervate structures of the upper limb and lower limb

composed of axons from the ventral ramus of several spinal levels in strategic areas of the body (large muscle groups)

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15
Q

What is the brachial plexus

A

C5-T1
motor and sensory to upper limbs

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16
Q

intercostal nerves

A

t1-t11

motor and sensory to the body wall

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17
Q

What is the lumbosacral plexus

A

L2-S4
motor and sensory to lower limbs

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18
Q

What do plexuses give rise to

A

named peripheral nerves that innervate specific structures within the upper and lower limbs

often named for regions they serve or the course that they take (eg. ulnar, fibular nerve)

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19
Q

What are dermatones

A

thin segments of skin
represent different spinal nerves that bring information back to spinal cord
(represent regions of the skin supplied somatic sensory neurons from discrete levels of the spinal cord)

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20
Q

Quantatative Sensations

A

can put number on (objective)
- touch & pressure
- proprioception

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21
Q

qualatative sensations

A

subjective
- temperature
- nocioception (pain)

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22
Q

How do all the sensations get into the spinal cord
which type of sensations are sent

A

dorsal sensory root
mechanoreception (touch, pressure)
- mechemically gated ion channel to generate action potentials
proprioception
nociception (pain)
thermoception (hot/cold sensations)

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23
Q

Where are the cell bodies of the sensory neuron

A

dorsal root ganglion

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24
Q

how is pain tested

A

pin prick

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25
how is pressure tested
standardized monofilament
26
How is temperature tested
cold/hot turning fork
27
How is touch tested
q tip
28
Where does proprioception (position sense) come from
- muscle (generate enough force to pull tendon right off bone/protective) - know length of muscle for balance - tendons (detecting tension generated/transmitted) - joints (kinesthetics receptors that detect joint position and movement)
29
What are the two major proprioceptors
muscle spindle (length) tendon organ
30
Where does the receptions of sensory symptoms (nocioception, mechanoreception and proprioception) lead to
dorsal sensory root of spinal cord
31
Proprioception
detect position sense synapse in ventral horn of spinal cord cell bodies of motor neurons generate reflexes
32
Describe the intraspinal organization
nociception & thermoreception: small afferents with no or little myelin mechanoreception: medium afferents with light-heavy myelin proprioception: large afferents with heavy myelin
33
Describe how reflexes are generated in response to nociception
1. sensory receptor (responds to stimulus by producing a generator or receptor potential --> sends action potentials down dorsal sensory root) 2. sensory neuron (axon conducts impulses from receptor to integrating center) 3. Integrating Center (one or more regions w/in CNS that relay impulses from sensory to motor neurons) --> interneuron: determines if it important to send out a muscle 4. Through ventral root to motor neuron to generate reflex
34
What are reflexes
a fast, involuntary, unplanned sequence of actions in response to a particular stimulus can be somatic or automatic (constriction of pupil) can be monosyaptic (one synapse) or polysynaptic (multiple synapse)
35
What is the spinal cords role in reflexes
acts as integrating centre
36
What is a monosynaptic reflex What is an example
One synapse Testing proprioception Spinal cord reflex elicited by stretching muscle 1. hit tendon, muscle stretches 2. muscle spindles are activated (tells that muscles are lengthening) 3. spinal cord thinks you're falling over --> generates reflex that contracts that muscle to oppose the stretch 4. ventral motor nerves --> knee jerks forwards 5. knee jerks forwards by hamstrings relaxing at the same time by reciprocal innervation (talks to interneuron talking to other neuron)
37
What is an example of a polysnaptic reflex
l o l
38
what are stretch reflexes and what are they used for
used to clinically test the integrity of specific levels of the spinal cord
39
S1, 2
achilles tendon reflex (reflexively contract) 1, 2 buckle my shoe innervate muscles of the calf
40
L3,4
3,4, kicking the door patellar tendon reflex stretching quadricep muscles, causing extension in the knee sensory and motor aspects
41
C5, 6
5,6, pick up sticks biceps brachii tendon reflex allows you to flex elbows brachioradialis tendon reflex arm to radialis outside
42
C7,8
put the sticks back down triceps tendon reflex extends elbow, triceps contract
43
How does the crossed-extensor reflex work
1. painful stimulus activates nociceptor 2. primary sensory neuron enters spinal cord and diverges 3. one collateral activates ascending pathways for sensation (pain) and postural adjustment (shift in centre of gravity) 4. Withdrawal reflex pulls foot away from painful stimulus 5. crossed extensor reflex supports body as weight shifts away from painful stimulus
44
Dorsal Colum (medial limniscal pathway)
white matter at the back of the spinal cord touch, pressure, propriocetpion fasciculus cutaneatus: upper limb fasciulus gracilis: lower limb
45
How does information travel through the dorsal column
comes in through the primary sensory neuron sends axons to synapse through spinal cord to brainstem touch, pressure, proprioception
46
Anterolateral pathway
out front, off to the side from spine to thalamus (spinothalamic tract, no stops) pain and temperature from dorsal sensory route, neuron ends there and synapses with the secondary sensory neuron crosses spinal cord to get to opposite anterior lateral tract pain and temperature
47
How does pain and temperature travel up
contralateral
48
How does touch, pressure and proprioception travel
ipsilateral
49
Where do all the sensations end up
passes through the thalamus to terminate in the primary somatosensory cortex
50
What does the middle cerebral artery sense
lateral cortex face
51
What does the anterior cerebral artery (medial cortex) sense
lower limb
52
What is the path of the dorsal column/medial lemniscal pathway (touch and pressure)
1. right side of body --> touch and pressure receptors 2. right dorsal route 3. goes up appropriate wedge of white matter - upper limb: cuneatous - lower limb: gracile 4. medulla, synapse with secondary neuron 5. crosses over through the medulla and pons 6. passes through midbrain to thalamus to cortex medial lemniscal: conscious pathway
53
What is the path of the dorsal column/spinocerebellar tract (proprioception)
same as touch and pressure cerebellum has dedicated line --> white matter b/c axons of neuron carrying information straight up to cerebellum to help carry out muscular movements info crosses at the medulla spinocerebellar tract: subconscious also receives information from inner ear
54
what is the path for pain and temperature
1. comes in on right, synapses immediately at the grey matter 2. secondary neuron corsses hte spinal cord to travel up the lateral spinothalamic tract 3. goes from spine to thalamus - axon splits and talk to reticular portion of the brain, keeps you awake - talks to midbrain (periaqueductual grey matter) 4. primary somatosensroy cortex to know where pain is located (localized)
55
What are the three types of pain
nociceptive pain neuropathic pain centralized pain
56
What is nociceptive pain
activation of nociceptors as a result of damage or trauma to tissues free nerve endings detect trauma
57
What is neuropathic pain
abnormal activation of sensory neurons perceive pain even though no injury to tissue itself (back pain = pain across leg, buttocks to thigh --> because pinched neuron/nerve before entering spinal cord has been pinched (irritated muscle, irritation from...)
58
What is centralized pain
abnormal perception of painful stimuli signals coming from CNS being decoded and perceived by you --> has to do with past experiences with pain could have wound up pain reception by CNS
59
What are the types of central sensitization
hyperalgesia: - truly have pain in tissue because of damage, but pain signals are amplified Allodynia: - CNS takes other sensory modalities (touch adn pressure) and make into pain signal to perceive as pain (touch being painful)
60
What does endogenous pain control do Where are they located How does it work
Pathways to limit the amount of pain signals that make their way up to the cerebral cord Spinal cord 'gate' mechanism of pain control - proprioceptive and touch sensation take preccendent over pain (block it out) - person touching their knee after hitting it to feel less pain Inhibitory neuron activated by stimulating it with other sensory modalities (touch and proprioception) - blocks messages from spinal cord
61
Which structures have a role in central control of pain
Reticular Formation (not so much) PAG (mostly): send descending axons down SC to release endorphins and enkephalins on primary and secondary sensory neurons to inhibit pain tramission
62
What are the types of therapy for exogenous pain relief
nonpharmacologic therapy - exercise - multidisciplinary rehabilitation - acupuncture - tai-chi, yoga pharmacologic therapy - nonsteroidla anti-inflammatory drugs (act peripherally) - transmadol or duloxetine - opiods (act centrally)

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