07 - NS Org & Function of Limbic System

Question 1

Gyri

Answer 1

hills

Question 2

Sulci

Answer 2

grooves

Question 3

1’ motor cortex

Answer 3

cell bodies of motor neurons
precentral gyrus

Question 4

1’ sensory cortex

Answer 4

sensations from body being processed (skin, muscle, joint)
post central gyrus

Question 5

Identify the deep grooves that seperate the hemispheres and some lobes of the brain

Answer 5

longitudinal fissure
central sulcus
lateral fissure

Question 6

Homonculus

Answer 6

more sensory and motor cortical neurons dedicated to the upper and lower limbs than the trunk

Question 7

somatosensations

Answer 7

touch, pressure, proprioception, pain, temperature

Question 8

parietal lobe

Answer 8

somatosensory cortex
association cortex
common integrative area

Question 9

frontal eye field

Answer 9

voluntary scanning movements

Question 10

frontal lobe

Answer 10

primary motor
premotor cortex
intellect

Question 11

occipital lobe

Answer 11

visual cortex
association cortex

Question 12

temporal lobe

Answer 12

auditory cortex
association cortex
limbic system

Question 13

broca’s area and wernicke’s area

Answer 13

b: patterns and routines
w: for deciphering
= speech

Question 14

Identify 1’ auditory cortex, 1’ visual cortex

Answer 14

a: temporal lobe
v: occipital lobe

Question 15

insular cortex

Answer 15

balance
emotional context to sensation
(good pain, bad pain)

Question 16

1’ gustatory cortex

Answer 16

taste chemoreception
food preference

Question 17

olfaction

Answer 17

smell

Question 18

right hemisphere

Answer 18

• movements of left side
• sensations from left side
• spatial orientation and object recognition
• damage = lack of emotional context to speech

Question 19

left hemisphere

Answer 19

• movements of right side
• sensations of right side
• spoken and written language
• damage = aphasia
  
  • receptive (WA) can’t understand lang
  • expressive (B) can’t communicate
  • global (both)

Question 20

lateralization
which gender is it more pronounced

Answer 20

males - localization of function or activity on one side of the body in preference to the other

Question 21

Anterior commissure
which gender is it more pronounced

Answer 21

females - nerve fibers that transmit information from or to the contralateral side of the brain

Question 22

Name the three white matter tracts

Answer 22

1. commissural fibers (b/w hemispheres)
2. Association fibers (w/in hemispheres)
3. Projection fibers (to distant parts of the CNS)

Question 23

Function of basal nuclei

Answer 23

• initiates and terminates motor movements
• eliminates unnecessary movements
• controls subconscious movements (arm swinging, true laughter)
• starts/stops cognitive processes, attention, memory, planning and helps regulate emotional behaviours

Question 24

How does the basal nuclei work

Answer 24

sends inhibitory information to thalamus to not make movements (movements that aren’t needed

cortex -> basal nuclei -> thalamus -> cortex

Question 25

Disorders of basal nuclei

Answer 25

huntington's chorea: neurodegeneration in striatum (increased movements) parkinson's: lack of dopamine acting on the striatum (difficulties starting/stopping movements)

Question 26

Where is the basal nuclei found

Answer 26

- around outside of ventricles

Question 27

Where is the limbic system found

Answer 27

- around inside of ventricles

Question 28

Function of limbic system

Answer 28

emotion and memories and regulating behaviours

Question 29

Limbic system - mammillary bodies

Answer 29

- olfactory relay nucleus - emotion

Question 30

LS - fornix

Answer 30

connects hippo to mammillary bodies

Question 31

LS - hippocampus what and location

Answer 31

- who what when why - long term memory formation (converts st to lt) - located in medial temporal lobe

Question 32

LS - amygdala

Answer 32

- analyses anger and fear expressions - assesses danger and elicits fear response (fight or flight) - emotional memories - output to hypothalamus

Question 33

Damage to amygdala Abnormal activation

Answer 33

- inability to recognize fear in other people - lack of fear - loss of inhibition - impaired emotional memories - panic disorder - PTSD - GAD

Question 34

how is information delivered in the limbic system

Answer 34

info from hippocampus & amygdala -> fornix -> mammillary bodies -> thalamus (through mammillothalamic tract) -> prefrontal cortex & cingulate cortex (gyrus) (through thalamic tract)

Question 35

PFC

Answer 35

regulates attention/importance

Question 36

Cingulate cortex

Answer 36

- major connecting hub between cerebral cortex and limbic system - reality check

Question 37

anterior thalamic nuclei

Answer 37

- alertness - importance

Question 38

entorhinal cortex

Answer 38

- input/output for hippocampus - spacial GPS map

Question 39

What are the two types of amnesia examples

Answer 39

anterograde amnesia: deficit in the ability to form new memories following the time of brain injury (no effect on intellectual or perceptual function) - hippocampal atrophy (loss of dendrites) retrograde amnesia: loss of long-term memories - alzheimer's disease (neurofibrillary plaques and tangles)

Question 40

Why can anterograde and retrograde amnesia occur independently

Answer 40

anterograde: inner arc retrograde: outer arc

Question 41

Declarative memory

Answer 41

short-term (acquisition and short-term storage) - medial temporal lobe (thalamus, amygdala, hippocampus long-term (long-term storage) - neocortex

Question 42

non-declarative

Answer 42

procedural (acquisition and long-term retenation) - cerebellum and basal ganglia

Question 43

What is procedural memory

Answer 43

long-term memory involved in the performance of different actions and skills vision, balance, position -> cerebellum -> thalamus -> premotor cortex Early experience -> basal nuclei -> thalamus -> premotor cortex