12 Particle Physics Flashcards

(67 cards)

1
Q

what is the charge of a proton?

A

1.6 x 10^-19 C

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2
Q

what is the mass of a proton?

A

1.67 x 10^-27 kg

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3
Q

what is the charge of a neutron?

A

0C

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4
Q

What is the mass of a neutron?

A

1.67 x10^-27 kg

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5
Q

what is the charge on an electron?

A

-1.6 x10^-19

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6
Q

What is the mass of an electron?

A

9.11 x 10^-31

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7
Q

What is a nucleon?

A

something that comes from a nucleus.

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8
Q

what is an isotope?

A

atoms with the same number of protons but different number of neutrons.

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9
Q

why are protons and neutrons called nucleons?

A

because they come from the nucleus.

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10
Q

what is the top number on a periodic table symbol?

A

the mass number.

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11
Q

what is the bottom number on the periodic table symbol?

A

atomic number - number of protons.

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12
Q

how do you work out the number of neutrons from the periodic table?

A

the mass number - the atomic number.

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13
Q

what is the sum of protons and neutrons?

A

the mass number.

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14
Q

what is the number of protons and neutrons called?

A

the nucleon number.

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15
Q

what is the symbol for the nucleon number/ mass number?

A

A

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16
Q

what is the symbol of the proton number?

A

Z

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17
Q

what does the word specific mean?

A

per kilogram.

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18
Q

what is specific charge?

A

the specific charge of a particle is its charge in coulombs divided by its mass in kilograms.

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19
Q

what is the unit for specific charge?

A

C kg^-1

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20
Q

what is the equation for specific charge?

A

total charge / total mass.

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21
Q

what does strong nuclear force (SNF) do?

A

binds the nucleus.

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22
Q

what does electromagnetic force do?

A

force binds atoms.

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23
Q

what does weak nuclear force (WNF) do?

A

changes quark flavour.

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24
Q

what does gravitational force do?

A

binds the solar system.

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25
what are the 4 forces in nature?
-strong nuclear force (SNF) -electromagnetic force -weak nuclear force (WNF) -gravitational force
26
put the 4 forces in nature in order from strongest to weakest?
-strong nuclear force (SNF) -electromagnetic force -weak nuclear force (WNF) -gravitational force
27
what is a neutrino?
a tiny neutron
28
what is flavour?
type.
29
what does a bar over a particle symbol mean?
it is an antiparticle. (the opposite)
30
what does a neutron change to during beta- decay?
a proton, an electron and an anti electron- neutrino.
31
what does a proton change to during beta+ decay?
a neutron, a positron and a neutrino.
32
what is the symbol for a proton?
p^+
33
what is the symbol for an electron?
e^-
34
what is the symbol for a neutron?
n
35
what is the symbol for a positron?
e^+
36
what is a positron
an antielectron (dont call it this in an exam)
37
what is the symbol for a neutrino?
Ve
38
during electron capture, what does a proton combine with to form?
an orbital electron to form a neutron and a neutrino. *present when hadrons interacts with leptons*
39
can the anti-neutrino and electron be emitted with a range of energies individually?
yes but they are the same overall each time.
40
What are the 3 Features Strong Nuclear force?
- Is effectively zero more than 3 fm from a neutron or proton. - Is attractive between 3 fm and 0..8 fm from a neutron or proton. - Is repulsive less than 0.8 fm from a proton or neutron.
41
Apart from hydrogen and some helium, what are nuclei produced either inside or during?
Either inside stars or during supernova explosions.
42
When are nuclei described as unstable?
When they undergo random changes.
43
Describe an alpha particle.
-2 protons -2 neutrons -Same as a helium nucleus.
44
What may an unstable nucleus undergo?
alpha decay.
45
How do you write the equation for alpha decay?
Take 4 off the nucleon number and 2 off the atomic number.
46
complete the equation for radium-224 to radon(RN)
47
How do you write the equation for an unstable nucleus when is undergos beta-decay?
48
In beta minus decay, what does the overall change inside the nucleus involve?
a neutron changing into a proton, and electron and an electron anti-neutrino.
49
during beta minus decay, what does a neutron change into?
A proton.
50
Which is more common, beta-decay or beta+decay?
beta-decay.
51
How do you write the equation for an unstable nuclei that's undergoes beta+ decay?
52
In Beta+ decay, what happens?
A proton changes into a neutron and a positron and a neutrino. The neutron remains inside the daughter nucleus, the positron and neutrino are ejected.
53
During beta+ decay, what does a proton change into?
a neutron and a positron and a neutrino.
54
During Beta+ decay, what happens to the neutron?
it remains inside the daughter nucleus.
55
During Beta+ decay, what happens to the positron and neutrino?
They are ejected.
56
What are the 3 types of neutrino?
57
What speed do neutrinos travel at and what is their mass?
They travel at close to the speed of light and have virtually no mass.
58
What do a lot of neutrinos that are emitted from the sun every second pass through?
your body every second.
59
What is electron capture another way of?
In which an unstable nucleus can decay to form a more stable nucleus.
60
What is electron capture?
An unstable nucleus absorbs one of it's innermost orbiting electrons.
61
What happens in electron capture?
A proton inside the nucleus combines with the electron to form a neutron and a neutrino, which is ejected.
62
What are 90% of cosmic rays?
protons
63
What are low energy cosmic particles responsible for?
Creating the northern lights.
64
What can high energy cosmic ray particles produce?
nuclear reactions in the earths atmosphere.
65
What were nuclear reactions in the earth's atmosphere cause by high energy cosmic rays found to produce?
new particles, in particular, positrons.
66
What was the first anti-particle to be discovered?
the positron.
67
How are positrons similar to electrons?
they are identical to the electrons mass but they were positively charged.