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1.2 software and software development Flashcards

1
Q

1.2.1 operating systems

A

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2
Q

types of operating systems

A

-distributed
-embedded
-multi-tasking
-multi-user
-real-time

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3
Q

distributed operating system

A

manages a group of independent computers and makes them appear as a single coherent system to users. It allows resources and processes to be distributed across multiple machines

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4
Q

embedded operating system

A

designed to operate on embedded systems, which are specialized computing devices that perform dedicated functions within larger systems

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5
Q

multi-tasking operating system

A

executes multiple tasks or processes simultaneously. This is done by using time slicing to switch quickly between programs and applications in memory

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6
Q

multi-user operating system

A

allows multiple users to access and use a single computer system simultaneously

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7
Q

real time operating system

A

designed to perform a task within a guaranteed time frame. used in any situation where a response within a certain time period is critical eg) life support system, self-driving cars

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8
Q

virtual machine

A

a program that has the same functionality as a physical computer

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9
Q

emulation software

A

Mimics the entire hardware, allowing software from one platform to run on another

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10
Q

intermediate code

A

simplified Code that is halfway between high level and machine code.

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11
Q

why is intermediate code used

A

This is independent of the processor architecture so can be used across different machines and operating systems

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12
Q

instance in which virtual memory maybe used

A

-testing programs
-protection from malware
-running software compatible with different versions and types of operating systems

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13
Q

1.2.2 application generation

A

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14
Q

What are the two categories of software?

A

Applications software and systems software

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15
Q

application software

A

-designed to be used by the end-user to perform one specific task.
-requires system software in order to run
-Examples: desktop publishing, word processing, spreadsheets, web browsers.

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16
Q

system software

A

-a low-level software that is responsible for running the computer system smoothly
-Examples: library programs, utility programs, operating system, device drivers

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17
Q

utilities

A

a program or tool that performs specific tasks to enhance productivity, efficiency, functionality, or maintenance of a computer system

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18
Q

examples of utilities

A

-file repair
-backup
-compression
-disk defragmentation
-anti-virus
-file management
-device drivers

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19
Q

anti-virus

A

responsible for detecting potential threats to the computer, alerting the user and removing these threats.

20
Q

device drivers

A

piece of software that enables communication between an operating system and specific hardware devices eg)printers

21
Q

disk defragmentor

A

As the hard disk becomes full, read/write times slow down. This is because files become fragmented as they are stored in different parts of memory. The
disk defragmenter utility rearranges the contents of the hard drive so they can be accessed faster, thus improving performance.

22
Q

compression

A

OS provide utilities that enable file to be compressed and decompressed. Compression reduces the size of a file so it takes up less space and downloads faster over the internet. Compressed files must be extracted before they can be read.

23
Q

backup

A

The backup utility automatically creates routine copies of specific files selected by the user. How often files are backed up is also specified by the user. This means that in the event of a power failure, malicious attack or other accident, files can be recovered
(automatically makes a copy of files and stores them in a different location so in the case of losing the original, the files can be recovered)

24
Q

what is source code

A

object code before it has been compiled

25
open source
can be used by anyone without a license and is distributed with the source code. It can be installed on any number of computers and users can modify the software (source code is freely available for others to amend without needing a licence)
26
open source advantages and disadvantages
adv: Can be modified and improved by anyone, technical support from online and wider community dis: Support available online may be insufficient or incorrect, creators get little-to-no financial gain as the software is free
27
closed source
Closed source code requires the user to hold an appropriate license to use it. Users cannot access the source code as the company owns the copyright license. Protected by the copyright design and patents act, users cannot modify the software, usually paid for and licensed per user or per computer. (software that does not allow users to access or modify its source code. Only the individual or company that created the software can access it)
28
closed source advantages and disadvantages
adv: Thorough, regular and well-tested updates, High levels of security as developed professionally, creators receive an income for their product-licencing fees dis: Users cannot modify the software to fit their specific needs
29
translator definition
program that converts high-level source code into low-level machine code which is then ready to be executed by a computer
30
what are the three types of translators
-compiler -interpreter -assembler
31
compiler definition advantage disadvantage
translates source code from high level languages into machine code all at once ADV: speed of execution is faster, code is usually optimised, no need for translation at run-time DIS: compilation time, complexity
32
interpreter definition advantage disadvantage
translator that checks a source code for syntax errors line by line, translates it into machine code then executes the line ADV: instant feedback so easy debugging, source code can run on any machine with the appropriate interpreter DIS: slower execution,
33
assembler definition advantage disadvantage
converts assembly code into machine code ADV: memory-efficient, speed of execution is fast, hardware-oriented DIS:writing in assembley language can be complex and error-prone
34
what is high level language
programming language which is easy for humans to read and write
35
why are translators important in programming
allows programmers to write code in high level language which is easier, while still allowing the computer to execute instructions in machine code
36
1.2.3 introduction toprogramming
fresge
37
assembly language
It is a low level programming language that uses mnemonics and symbols to represent instructions that the computers CPU can execute directly
38
how does assembly language differ from machine code
Assembly language uses mnemonics rather than binary, which makes it much easier for programmers to read and write
39
INP mnemonic
INPUT-inputs value
40
what is the function of the STA mnemonic
STORE-stores value in the given memory address
41
LDA mnemonic
LOAD-value is loaded into the accumulator
42
SUB mnemonic
SUBTRACT-value is subtracted from the value in accumulator
43
ADD mnemonic
value is added to the value in the accumulator
44
what is the function of the BRP mnemonic
branch if positive- Branches to a given address if the value in the Accumulator is positive. This is a conditional branch.
45
what is the function of the BRA mnemonic
branch always- Branches to a given address no matter the value in the Accumulator. This is an unconditional branch.
46
BRZ mnemonic
BRANCH IF ZERO- branches to a given address if the value in the accumulator is zero
47
what is the function of the HLT mnemonic
halt- Stops the program at that line, preventing the rest of the code from executing.

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