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AP 4 > 120 q > Flashcards

120 q Flashcards

(105 cards)

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1
Q

What are the four main layers of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract?

A

Mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, serosa

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2
Q

What is peristalsis?

A

Involuntary contractions that move food through the digestive tract

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3
Q

What is the function of the lower esophageal sphincter (LES)?

A

Prevents acid reflux into the esophagus

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4
Q

Where does most nutrient absorption occur in the GI tract?

A

Small intestine

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5
Q

What are villi, and why are they important for digestion?

A

Small projections that increase surface area for absorption

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6
Q

What is the role of bile in digestion?

A

Emulsifies fats

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7
Q

Where is bile produced and where is it stored?

A

Produced in the liver, stored in the gallbladder

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8
Q

What is the primary function of the liver in metabolism?

A

Regulates blood sugar, processes nutrients, detoxifies substances, and produces bile

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9
Q

What are the functions of hepatocytes?

A

Metabolism, detoxification, bile production

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10
Q

What is the portal triad in the liver?

A

Bile duct, hepatic artery, portal vein

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11
Q

What are the exocrine and endocrine functions of the pancreas?

A

Exocrine: digestive enzymes; Endocrine: insulin and glucagon

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12
Q

What is the role of insulin in the body?

A

Lowers blood glucose

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13
Q

What hormone is released when blood glucose levels are low?

A

Glucagon

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14
Q

Which cells in the pancreas secrete insulin?

A

Beta cells

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15
Q

Which enzyme is responsible for breaking down carbohydrates?

A

Amylase

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16
Q

What is basal metabolic rate (BMR)?

A

The rate of energy expenditure at rest

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17
Q

What is gluconeogenesis?

A

Production of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources

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18
Q

Which macronutrient is the primary source of energy for the body?

A

Carbohydrates

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19
Q

What is the role of the liver in gluconeogenesis?

A

Converts non-carbohydrates into glucose

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20
Q

What is ketosis?

A

A metabolic state where fat is used for energy, producing ketones

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21
Q

Which part of the brain regulates body temperature?

A

Hypothalamus

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22
Q

How does the body respond to a drop in temperature?

A

Shivering, vasoconstriction, increased thyroid hormone production

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23
Q

How does the body cool down in response to high temperatures?

A

Sweating, vasodilation

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24
Q

What is the primary mechanism for heat loss during exercise?

A

Evaporation (sweating)

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25
What are the symptoms of heat stroke?
High temperature, confusion, rapid heart rate, loss of consciousness
26
What is the functional unit of the kidney?
Nephron
27
What are the three main processes involved in urine formation?
Filtration, reabsorption, secretion
28
Where does filtration occur in the nephron?
Glomerulus within Bowman's capsule
29
What is the primary function of the loop of Henle?
Create concentration gradient for water/salt reabsorption
30
Which hormone increases water reabsorption in the collecting ducts?
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
31
What role does aldosterone play in the kidney?
Increases sodium reabsorption
32
What triggers the release of renin?
Low blood pressure or low sodium levels
33
What is glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?
Amount of filtrate produced by the kidneys per minute
34
What is nephroptosis?
Dropping of the kidney out of its normal position
35
What is heat exhaustion?
Dehydration and excessive sweating
36
What is cirrhosis?
Scarring of liver tissue leading to impaired liver function
37
What is pancreatitis?
Inflammation of the pancreas
38
What is jaundice, and what causes it?
Yellowing of skin and eyes due to liver dysfunction and bilirubin buildup
39
What is the main role of the gallbladder?
Stores and concentrates bile
40
What is the function of bile salts?
Emulsify fats for digestion
41
What enzyme digests proteins in the stomach?
Pepsin
42
Where does chemical digestion of carbohydrates begin?
In the mouth with salivary amylase
43
What is the primary function of the stomach?
Storage, mixing, and digestion of food
44
Which hormone stimulates hydrochloric acid secretion in the stomach?
Gastrin
45
What cells secrete hydrochloric acid in the stomach?
Parietal cells
46
What is chyme?
Partially digested food mixed with stomach acids
47
Which organ produces bile?
Liver
48
What are the primary functions of the large intestine?
Water absorption and feces formation
49
Where are the majority of digestive enzymes produced?
Pancreas
50
What triggers the release of bile into the small intestine?
The presence of fats (via cholecystokinin)
51
What is the role of the hormone secretin?
Stimulates the pancreas to release bicarbonate to neutralize stomach acid
52
What are the main end products of protein digestion?
Amino acids
53
Which hormone causes the liver to release stored glucose?
Glucagon
54
What is the role of the hepatic portal vein?
Carries nutrient-rich blood from the GI tract to the liver
55
Where is most water absorbed in the digestive system?
Large intestine
56
What is the primary role of the kidneys?
Filter blood and remove waste products
57
What structure in the nephron is responsible for filtration?
Glomerulus
58
What is the role of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)?
Increases water reabsorption in the kidneys
59
What is aldosterone, and how does it function in the kidneys?
A hormone that increases sodium reabsorption, leading to water retention
60
Where is urine stored before excretion?
Urinary bladder
61
What are the components of the renal corpuscle?
Glomerulus and Bowman's capsule
62
How does the loop of Henle contribute to the concentration of urine?
By creating a concentration gradient in the medulla
63
Which cells in the pancreas secrete glucagon?
Alpha cells
64
What is the role of bicarbonate in the digestive system?
Neutralizes acidic chyme in the small intestine
65
What are the three parts of the small intestine?
Duodenum, jejunum, ileum
66
What are micelles?
Aggregates of bile salts that help with fat absorption
67
What is the function of chief cells in the stomach?
Secrete pepsinogen
68
What is the role of the liver in detoxification?
Processes toxins and drugs, breaking them down for excretion
69
Which nutrient is primarily absorbed in the small intestine?
Carbohydrates, proteins, fats
70
What is the function of the hepatic portal circulation?
To transport nutrients from the GI tract to the liver for processing
71
How does the body regulate blood glucose levels after a meal?
By secreting insulin from the pancreas
72
What is the function of the renal pelvis?
Collects urine and channels it into the ureter
73
What is the role of the hypothalamus in hunger regulation?
It releases hormones like ghrelin to signal hunger
74
What is the difference between the afferent and efferent arterioles in the kidney?
Afferent arterioles bring blood to the glomerulus; efferent arterioles carry it away
75
What is the primary role of the endocrine pancreas?
To regulate blood sugar levels
76
What hormone is responsible for increasing blood glucose levels during fasting?
Glucagon
77
What is the function of the pyloric sphincter?
Controls the passage of chyme from the stomach to the small intestine
78
How does sympathetic stimulation affect the digestive system?
It inhibits digestion by slowing motility and secretions
79
What is the role of pancreatic lipase?
Digests fats into fatty acids and glycerol
80
Where does the majority of fat digestion occur?
In the small intestine
81
What are ketone bodies, and when are they produced?
By-products of fat metabolism, produced during fasting or low carbohydrate intake
82
What is glycogenolysis?
The breakdown of glycogen to release glucose
83
How does the body respond to low body temperature?
By vasoconstriction, shivering, and increasing metabolism
84
What is the role of the proximal convoluted tubule in the nephron?
Reabsorbs nutrients, water, and ions back into the bloodstream
85
What does the term "basal metabolic rate" (BMR) refer to?
The rate at which the body uses energy at rest
86
What is the function of the distal convoluted tubule in the nephron?
Secretes ions and wastes into the filtrate
87
What is the importance of albumin in the blood?
Maintains osmotic pressure and transports substances
88
How does the liver aid in fat digestion?
By producing bile, which emulsifies fats
89
What is the countercurrent mechanism in the kidneys?
A system in the nephron that concentrates urine by allowing the reabsorption of water and salt
90
What stimulates the secretion of cholecystokinin (CCK)?
The presence of fats in the small intestine
91
Where is the hormone gastrin produced?
In the stomach by G-cells
92
What are the primary functions of the liver?
Metabolism, detoxification, storage of nutrients, and bile production
93
What happens when blood osmolarity increases?
ADH is released, increasing water reabsorption to dilute blood plasma
94
What triggers the secretion of ADH?
Increased blood osmolarity or dehydration
95
How does the body respond to high blood glucose levels?
By secreting insulin, which helps cells absorb glucose
96
What is the role of bile in fat digestion?
Bile emulsifies fats, making them easier to digest by enzymes
97
How is body temperature regulated by the hypothalamus?
By triggering sweating, shivering, and vasodilation or vasoconstriction
98
What is the primary function of the gallbladder?
To store and concentrate bile
99
What is the renal threshold for glucose?
The blood glucose concentration at which glucose starts appearing in the urine
100
How does the body regulate sodium levels?
Through aldosterone, which increases sodium reabsorption in the kidneys
101
What is the function of the detrusor muscle?
Contracts to expel urine from the bladder
102
What are the main components of urine?
Water, urea, creatinine, ions, and waste products
103
What is the juxtaglomerular apparatus, and what does it do?
A structure that regulates blood pressure and filtration rate in the kidney
104
How is chyme neutralized as it enters the small intestine?
Pancreatic bicarbonate neutralizes stomach acid
105
What is the role of the liver in protein metabolism?
The liver deaminates amino acids and converts ammonia to urea for excretion

AP 4 (12 decks)

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