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part 2 / 3 boards > General diagnosis p2 > Flashcards

General diagnosis p2 Flashcards

1
Q

Jugular venous pulsation

A
  • measures the pressure of right side of heart.
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2
Q

pulsus magnus

A
  • bounding
  • increased cardiac output
  • execise
  • anxiety
  • fever
  • hyperthyroidsm
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3
Q

pulsus parvus

A
  • weak
  • decreased stroke volume
  • hypovolemia
  • aortic stenosis
  • chf
    *
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4
Q

pulsus alterans

A
  • alternates in amplitude
  • left ventricle failure
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5
Q

pulsus bisferiens

Best felt where

A
  • 2 strong systolic peaks sperated by mild systolic dip
  • best felt in caroted artery
  • aortic regurgitation
  • aortic stenosis
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6
Q

oulsus paradoxus

A
  • decreased amplitude on inspiration
  • increased with expiration
  • copd
  • bronchial asthma
  • emphysma
  • pericardia effusion
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7
Q

water hammer pulse

A
  • jery pulse that is rapidly increaseing and then collapsing because of aortic insufficiency
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8
Q

trhrills

A
  • vibration produced by turbulent blood flow within the heart
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9
Q

what contracts on systole

A

ventricle

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10
Q

what happens in diastole

A

ventricles rest and they are filling

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11
Q

heart sound S1

A
  • lub
  • closure of of AV valves
  • mitral and tricuspid
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12
Q

Heart sound : S2

A
  • dub
  • closure of semilunar valve
  • pulmonary and aortic
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13
Q

Heart sound : S3

A
  • ventricular gallop
  • normal in children, young adults and athletes
  • early sign of CHF
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14
Q

Heart sound: S4

A
  • atrial gallop
  • similar to S3 , related to stiffness of ventricular myocardium to rapid filling
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15
Q

location of cardiac auscultation : aortic valve

A
  • right sternal border at 2nd intercostal space
  • best when patient is seated leaning forward or exhaling
    *
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16
Q

location of cardiac auscultation : pulmonic valve

A
  • left sternal border at 2nd intercostal
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17
Q

location of cardiac auscultation : tricuspid

A
  • left sternal border at the 4th or 5th intercostal
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18
Q

location of cardiac auscultation : mitral valve

A
  • mid clavicular at 5th intercostal space
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19
Q

Murmurs: stenosis

A
  • valve has trouble opening and the blood swirls through a narrow opening
  • low pitch sound and best heard with the bell of stethoscope
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20
Q

Murmurs: regurgitation

A
  • valve is insufficient and blood seeps or squirts back into the chamber
  • this murmur has a high pitch and best hear with the diaphram of the stethoscope
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21
Q

what is the mnemonic for heart murmurs?

A
  • ARMS PRTS
  • this is in DIASTOLE
  • when doing systole
  • it is opossite: change regurgitatiion to stensis
  • instead of ARMS PRTS, in systole, it is ASMR PSTR
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22
Q

Patent ductus arteriosus
* detail

A
  • failure of shunt to close between the aorta and left pulmonary artery
  • creates a continuous/machinery like murmur that can be heard in both phases of heart cycle
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23
Q

Tetralogy of fallot

A
  • DRIP : dextraposition of aorta, right ventricular hypertrophy, interventricular septal defect m pulmonary stenosis
  • creates a loud ejection murmur during sytole and severe cyanosis
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24
Q

coactation of aorta
* detail
* associated w/ what?

A
  • constriction of the descending aorta (usually distal to lefty subclavian
  • causes higher blood pressure in the upper extremity by 20mm hg when compared to lower extremity
  • associated with marfan syndrome
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25
Q

Sublcavian steal syndrome

A
  • proximal stenosis of sublavian artery
  • seen in younger females who faint while exercising
  • narrowing of proximal Vertebral artery
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26
Q

left sided heart failure
* detail
* mcc
* fluid where?
* age

A
  • 35-55
  • MCC is hypertension
  • 2nd mcc is aortic stenosis
  • early sign = pulmonary edema ( fluid in lungs ) causing shortness of breath and orthopnea
  • fluid in costophrenic angle
  • LEFT = LUNG
  • left ventricle squeeze harder, it gets bigger, big is bad
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27
Q

Right sided heart failure
* MCC
* where does blood go?
* symptoms?
* what happens to heart rate?
* and bp

A
  • MCC left sided HF
  • MCC of mitral stenosis is rheumatic fever
  • bascks up to SVC and down to the IVC
  • edema and fluid in extremities,
    jugular venous distension SVC,
    liver sleep enlargement hepatojugular reflex,
    ascitis,
    caput mesude spider angioma,
    pitting edema,
    stasis dermatitis
  • increased heart rate, s3 gallop, decreased blood pressure
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28
Q

Cor pulmonale

A
  • when right side fails by itself
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29
Q

Aortic dissection
* detail
* symtom

A
  • Detail : interruption of the intima allowing blood into the vessel wall
  • symtom: immediate tearing pain
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30
Q

Marfan;s syndrome
* detail
* symptom
* management

A
  • detail : inherited connective tissue disorder with ventricular weaking and enlargement
  • symptom : tall , long fingers/limbs, lens subluxation, cardiovasuclar and lung problems
  • management ER
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31
Q

myocardial infraction
* detail
* cause
* Labs

A
  • acute heart failure
  • comes on w/ rest
  • caused by atherosclerosis
  • test : CK - MB elevated , increased LDH , increased SGOT
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32
Q

Aneurysm

A
  • abnormal widening that involves all 3 layers
  • defect in elastic media tissues
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33
Q

P -wave

A
  • normal atril depolarization
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34
Q

QRS complex

A
  • depolarization of the ventricles
  • repolarization of the atria is hidden here
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35
Q

T wave

A
  • repolarization of the ventricles
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36
Q

Increased PR interval

A
  • prolonged AV nodal delay
  • primary heart block
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37
Q

2 p waves before QRS

A
  • weinkbochs block of bundle of HIS
  • secondary heart block
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38
Q

no QRS pattern

A
  • complete heart block
  • no ventricular contraction
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39
Q

ST segment is enlarged or inverted

A

MI
acute heart failure

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40
Q

Bowel sounds :

A

borborygmus

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41
Q

Bowel sounds : early intestinal obstruction

A

increased bowel sounds

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42
Q

Bowel sounds : late intestinal obstruction

A

absent bower sounds
adynamic ileus / paralytic ileus

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43
Q

hematemesis

A

vomit blood

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44
Q

hemoptysis

A

cough blood

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45
Q

hematochesia

A

blood in stool

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46
Q

Labs non specific for liver

A
  • increased alkaline phosphates
  • serum glutamate oxaloacetate transanimase ( SGOT)
  • aspartate transanimase (AST)
  • lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)
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47
Q

Labs speific for liver

A
  • gamma glutaml transpeptidase ( GGT
  • serum glutamic pyruvic transanimase ( SGPT
  • Alanin transpanimase ( ALT ) = classic for liver
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48
Q

Lab for liver and kidney

A
  • blood urea nitrogen ( BUN
    *
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49
Q

Jaundice

A
  • yellowing of skin,scelra , mucous membranes,
  • can occur w/ any liver disorder
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50
Q

Cirrhosis
* MCC
* causes what
* associated w/ what

A
  • alcoholism is MCC for liver destruction
  • causes portal hypertension, ascites, esophageal varices
  • mallory weiss syndrome = cough tearing esophageal blood
    vessel, hematemesis
    = palmar rash d/t bile salts
  • wernicke korsakoff syndrome = thiamin deficiency from alcoholism that leads to dementia
  • beri beri = thiamin deficiency without alcoholism
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51
Q

Hepatitis
* detail
* size texture of liver
* Type

A
  • liver may be tender and enlarged but the edge remains soft and smooth
  • A = food, fecal , oral, self limiting , not a carrier
  • B = dirty needles , sexual contact , carrier for life, mc to become liver cancer
  • C = blood transfusion
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52
Q

Liver cancer
* mc site
* size texture of liver
* management

A
  • mc site for metastatic disease
  • enlarged , hard and irregular border
  • alpha fetoprotein
  • biopsy
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53
Q

what happens to rbc when it reaches 120 days

A
  • when it reaches 120 days
  • it gets sent to the spleen
  • spleen cuts rbc into heme and globulin
  • heme gets converted to unconjucated/ indirect bilirubin in the spleen
  • it get sent to liver to turn into conjucated/direct bilirubin
  • most will be sent to gall bladder for bile and then secreted in small intesteine
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54
Q

Billirubin : conjucated / direct

A
  • water soluble
  • increase w/ duct obstruction ( gall stones , hepatic dx, pancreatic cancer
  • increased amounts in blood may cause bilirubine in the urine
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55
Q

Billirubin : unconjucated / indirect
* solubilty
* increase w what
* detail

A
  • fat soluble
  • increases with hemolytic dx, druags and spleen disorders
  • hemolytic anemia, increase in reticulocyte count ( coomb’s test
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56
Q

Gall bladder
* where
* landmark

A
  • below right liver
  • right shoulder tip of right scapula
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57
Q

Cholecystits
* MC seen ?
Mcc
* age?
* symptoms
Exam
* test

A
  • MC seen in overweight females, and over 40 yo
  • mcc is cholelithiases
  • sever right upper quadrant pain, nauseam vommiting , precipitated by eating a large fatty meal
  • muprhy sign -inspiratory arrest sign
  • test : diagnosit ultrasound, oral cholecystogram
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58
Q

porcelain gall baldder

A
  • calcification that can become malignant d/t chronic inflammation
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59
Q

Pancreatitis
* Detail
* location
* symptom
* test
* lab
* management

A
  • detail : seen w/ alcoholism
  • location : epigastric pain through T10-T12 area
  • symptom : like a knife
  • test : Grey turner sign , bleeding of flant
    : cullen sign = periumbilical ecchymmosis caused by
    inttraperitoneal hemorrahe or seen w/ a
    ruptured eptopic pregnancy
  • lab : increased amylase and lipase
  • management : if acute call 911
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60
Q

Pancreatic cancer
* Location
* symptom

A
  • usually at the head of the pancreas
  • symptom : dark urine, clay color stool, jaundice
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61
Q

Diabetes mellitus
* related to what?
* Detail :
* Symptom :
* Labs :

A
  • related to what? DISH
  • Detail : pancreas does not produce enough amount of insulin to take suger out of the blood and transport it to the tisuses of the body.
    : starved tissues are forced to use fat as energy
  • Symptom : polydypsia, polyphagia, and polyuria
  • Labs : glucose tolerance test, fasting plasma glucose, hbaic
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62
Q

Diabetes mellitus : type 1

A
  • viral attack
  • under 30
  • usually thin people
  • insulin dependent
  • body doesnt produce insulin
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63
Q

Diabetes mellitus : type 2

A
  • insulin independent
  • body produce insulin but body ignores it and still uses fat for source of energy
  • adult, over 40 , obese
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64
Q

Diabetes insipidus

A
  • condition of posterior pituitary gland
  • insufficient ADH
  • polydypsea, polyurea . NOT POLYPHAGIA
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65
Q

hiatal hernia
* Detail :
* location :
* Symptom :

A
  • Detail : protrution of the stomach above diaphram
  • location : LUQ
  • Symptom : palpable tenderness, reflux esophagitis, dyspepsia, worse on large meal or laying down
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66
Q

Reflux esophagitis
* Detail :
* Cause :
* symptom:
* Test :

A
  • Detail : upward reflux of acid contents of stomach into esophagus
  • Cause : sliding hiatal hernia
  • symptom : worse when laying down, big meal, valsalva or bearing down
  • test : x-ray or upper gi series
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67
Q

peptic ulcer
* detail :
* Cause :
* symptom :

A
  • detail : includes gastic and duodenal ulcer
  • Cause : h.pylori bactera
  • symptom : burning pinpoint and epigastric pain , coffee ground emesis
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68
Q

Gastric ulcer

A
  • no consistent pattern
  • somtimes cuase pain immediately after eating
69
Q

Duodenal ulcer
* MC
* pain when?
* symptom
* test

A
  • MC type of peptic ulcer
  • pain after 2 hours of eating
  • black tarry stool
  • guaiac test, occult blood in stool
70
Q

Pyloric stenosis

A
  • projectice vomitting on newbord
71
Q

gastric carcinoma

Mc

A
  • most common on lesser curvature
  • vichow node: left supraclavicular lymph node involvement
72
Q

Mononucleosis
* Detail :
* Age :
* Cause :
* symptom :
* Labs

A
  • Detail : monospot, heterphile agglutination , paul bunnell
  • Age : 18-25
  • Cause : Epstein barr virus
  • symptom : flu, fever, headahce , fatigue , lymphadenopathy in cervical, splenomegaly
  • Labs : Downey cells = atypical lymphocyes in blood
73
Q

Osteopetrosis
* AKA:
* details :
Enlarged what

A
  • AKA: marble bone
  • details : the bone marrow becomes sclerotioc
  • rbcs are not made properly d/t sclerosis of bone marrow
  • liver and spleen are enlarged
74
Q

small intestine referral pain?
management ?

A

periumbiliical
gastroenterologist

75
Q

regional ileitis
* AKA:
* detail
* location :
* symptom
* name sign

A
  • AKA: crohn’s disease
  • detail : non trophical sprue celiac sprue can cause this
  • location : RLQ , right side of intestine
  • symptom : pain, chornic diarrhea, cobblestone appearance on sigmoidoscopy , malabsorption of B12,
  • x-ray : skip lesion
76
Q

ulceritive colitis
* Location :
* Detail :
* symtpom
* test :

A
  • Location : left side of intestine , LLQ
  • Detail : most common at colon and rectum
  • symtpom : bloody diarrhea
  • test : sigmoidoscopy , colonoscopy
77
Q

Irritable bower syndrome
* AKA:
* detail :
* symptom

A
  • AKA: spastic colon
  • detail : variable degrees of constipation and diarrhea in respons to stress
  • symptom : common on females, abdominal pain and gas relived by bowel movement
78
Q

appendicitis
* location
* detail
* symptom :
* test :
* management :

A
  • detail :
  • location : RLQ
  • symptom : dull periumbilical or epigastric pain , fever nausea, vomitting , anorexia
  • test : increased wbc, rebound tenderness, rovsing’s sign, psoas sign, obturator sign , CT scan
  • management : ER
79
Q

Diverticulitis
* Location :
* Detail :

A
  • Location : LLQ
  • Detail : inadequate fiber, constipation causes outpouching in colon that get infected
80
Q

Meckel’s diverticulitis

A
  • outpouching of ileum
81
Q

Zenker’s diverticulitis

A
  • outpuichjhing of esophagus
82
Q

Cushing’s disease
* Detail :
* Symptom :
* associated w/ what?

A
  • Detail : increased production of adrenal cortex hormone
    : hyperadrenalism
    : hypercortisolism
  • Symptom : moon face, buffalo hump, pendulous abdomen, purple striae, hirsutism, weakness and hypertension
  • associated w/ what? osteoperosis, decrease in density
83
Q

AddisOn’s disease
* detail
* symptom
* which president have this

A
  • detial : decrease adosterone, hypOadrenalism, hypOcortisolism
    : increased ACTH causes melanin deposition
  • symtom : hyperpigmentation of face and mouth
    : Thin, decreased BP, weakness, fatigue, lethargy,
    nausea, vomiting, hair loss may be seen
  • JFK has this
84
Q

Pheochromocytoma
* detail :
* causes what :
* similar to what
Symptom

A
  • detail : tumor of the adrenal medulla
    : increased catecholamine production ( epinephrine
    and norepinephrine)
  • may appear similar to hyperthyoidism but this produces extreme hypertension
  • tachcardi, jitters and extreme hypertension
85
Q

Nephrolithiasis
* detail :
* symptom :
* test :
* Labs :
* What does hydronephrosis cause ?

A
  • detail : made of calcium, calcium oxalates is most common, calcium urates, calcium phosphates.
  • symptom : flank pain that is writhing
  • test : murphy’s test ( kidney punch )
  • Labs : Increased BUN, Uric acid, creatinine clearance , KUB study
  • What does hydronephrosis cause ?staghorn calculi
86
Q

Nephritic syndrome
* AKA :
* Caused :
* Detail :

A
  • AKA : Acute glumerolonephritis
  • Caused : Group A hemolytic strep
  • Detail : RBC casts in urine with small amount of protein
87
Q

Nephrotic syndrome
* Detail what called on women
* Urine test:

A
  • Detail : HEP ( hypertension, edema, massive proteinuria )
    : in pregnant women is called pre-eclampsia
  • Urine test: waxy or fatty casts
88
Q

Pyelonephritis
* detail :
* Urine test :

A
  • detail : E-coli from UTI
  • Urine test : WBC casts
89
Q

Polycystic kidney disease
* detail

A
  • Detail : inherited disorder characted by many bilateral renal cysts that increase renal sie but reduce function renal tissue
90
Q

Urethritis
* Detail :
* Caused by :
* Urine test :

A
  • Detail : classified as gonococcal ( gonorhea) or non-gonococcal ( chlamydia)
  • Caused by : Gonorrhea or clamydia
    : E. Coli in females
  • Urine test : nitrites
91
Q

Cystitis
* Detail :
* Symptom :

A
  • Detail : non infectious inflammation
  • Symptom : burning, painful and frequent urination
    : incontinence
    : suprapubic and low back pain
92
Q

Renal Carcinoma

A
  • , flank pain and palpable mass
  • Urine : hematuria
93
Q

Nephroblastoma
* detail :
* Age :
* Urine :
* Symptom :

A
  • detail : malignant tumor of kidney
  • Age : less than 5 yo
  • Urine : Hematuria
  • Symptom :abdominal mass
94
Q

Urinary Incontinence : Urge

A
  • Neuro
  • overactive bladder
  • urgent need to go to bathroom
95
Q

Urinary Incontinence : Stress

A
  • Female
  • increase in abdominal pressure such as exercise, cough , sneeze , laugh
  • d/t weakened pelvic floor
96
Q

Urinary Incontinence : Overflow

A
  • Male
  • inability to completely empty your bladder when you urinate
  • constant or frequent dribble of urine
97
Q

Urinary Incontinence : functional

A
  • disease
  • most common amoing older adults w/ arthritis, parkinsons, alzheimer’s
  • disorders that involve moving, thinking or communicating .
98
Q

Hernia : indirect inguinal hernia
* MC on what age group
* what is the flow ?

A
  • most common type
  • inguinal canal > external inguinal ring > scrotum
  • common in children and young adults
99
Q

Hernia : direct inguinal hearnia

A
  • external inguinal ring > scrotum
  • d/t obesity or heavy lifting
  • felt when bearing down or cough
  • over 40 yo
100
Q

Hernia : femoral hernia

A
  • bulge lateral and inferior to the extrenal inguinal ring at the site of the femoral pulse
101
Q

Endometriosis
* detail :
* Symptom :
* Test :
* Location :

A
  • detail : abonrmal endometrial tissue found outside its normal location ( ex. myometrium, fallopian tubes, peritoneum )
  • Symptom : abdominal pain, back pain, menorrhagia, painful intercourse, possible infertility
  • Test : Laparscopy
  • Location : MC found in ovaries
102
Q

Uterine fibroids
* detail :
* Symptom :

A
  • detail : benign tumor of smooth muscle origin ( leiomyoma )
  • Symptom : heavy menstrual bleeding, pelvic pain, painful
    intercourse.
    : uterus will have painless nodule that are irregular
    and firm
103
Q

Pelvic inflamatory disease
* detail :
* Cause by :

A
  • Detail : infection of the upper female genital tract
  • Caused by : STD ( chlamydia or gonorrhea )
  • includes salpingitis ( inflammation of the fallopian tube )
104
Q

Ectopic pregnancy
* detail
* symptom

A
  • detail : pregnancy in which implantation occurs outside the endometrium / endometrial cavity
  • Symptom : spotting, deacrease BP , Decrease HCG
105
Q

Normal pregnancy
* symptom
* Blood test

A
  • Symptom : increase HCG, nausea, weight gain, breats tenderness
  • blood test : human chorionic gonadotropin
106
Q

Hydatiform mole
* detail

A
  • detail : a non viable embryo which develops in the placenta and presents with all the signs of pregnancy.
  • very high HCG
107
Q

Choriocancinoma
*

A
  • malignancy of the plancta d/t abornomal epithelium
108
Q

Polycystic ovarian disease
* detail
* symptom

A
  • detail : irregular period =infrequent, irregular or prolong
    period
    : excess androgen = hirsutism ( excess facil and
    body hair)
    : metabolic syndrome : hbp, high blood sugar,
    abnormal cholesterol
109
Q

Fibrocystic breast disease
* detail :
* symptom :
* common w/ what

A
  • detail : multiple, round, freely, movable masses.
  • symptom : bilateral breast tenderness that is made worse w/ caffeine intake, ovulation or menses.
  • common w/ what overweight diabetics
110
Q

fibroadenoma
* detail :
* Age :
* Symptom :

A
  • detail : most common benign tumor of breast
  • Age : younger than 30 yo
  • Symptom : non tender single lump, unilateral
111
Q

Breast cancer
* detail :
* Age :
* Location :
* symptom :
* where it metastasis ?

A
  • detail : second most common cause of cancer death in women
  • Age : over 50 yo
  • Location : Upper quadrant
  • symptom : nipple retraction, bleeding, orange peel appearance, dimpling
  • where it metastasis ? axilla via the lymphatic system and will most likely be a lytic when seen in bone
112
Q

Varicocele
* Detail :

A
  • dilation of the spermatic veings
  • bag of worms
  • diminishes from stnading to supine
113
Q

SPermatocele
* Detail :
* symptom :

A
  • Detail : fluid filled mass in the epididymis
  • Symptom : painless, movable , pea sized lump located superior and posterior to the testicle.
  • it transilluminate light because it is fluid filled
114
Q

Hydrocele
* Detail :
* symptom :

A
  • Detail : excess accumilation of water in the testicle
  • Symptom : swollen, painless , heavy and light .
  • palpate above the mass distinguish from scrotal hernia.
  • it transilluminates
115
Q

Epididymitis
* detail :
* symptom :

A
  • Detail : d/t std
  • symptom : scrotum is enlrage , tender but tenderness is relieved by raising the testicle
116
Q

Testicular cancer
* Detail :
* symptom :
*mc type

A
  • detail : most common form of cancer in males age 20-34
  • symptom : painless nodule appears on or in the testicle
  • most common type is seminoma,
  • DOES NOT transilluminate light
117
Q

Benign prostatic hyperplasia
* symptom :
*

A
  • enlarged , non tnder , firm , smooth , with loss of mediam sulcus
118
Q

prostatitis
* smyptom

A
  • boggy , soft , enlarged , tender.
  • urinary problem : increased urgency
119
Q

prostatic carcinoma
* symptom :
* where to metastasize :

A
  • symptom : posterior lobe is hard, nodular, painless and enlarged
  • most common place to metastasize is the lumbar spine
120
Q

Skin temperature
* Artery :
* Vein :

A
  • Artery : Cool
  • Vein : Warm
121
Q

Skin color
* Artery :
* Vein :

A
  • Artery : pale or blue
  • Vein : normal or discolored
122
Q

Numbness
* Artery :
* Vein :

A
  • Artery : present
  • Vein : absent
123
Q

Swelling
* Artery :
* Vein :

A
  • Artery : not usually
  • Vein : present
124
Q

raynaud phenomenon
* Artery :
* Vein :

A
  • Artery : present
  • Vein : absent
125
Q

Trophic changes
* Artery :
* Vein :

A
  • Artery : thin skin
  • Vein : statis dermatitis
126
Q

Valve incompetence
* Artery :
* Vein :

A
  • Artery : not applicable
  • Vein : present
127
Q

Claudication

*

A
  • muscle pain in the calf that occurs during exercise
128
Q

Type of claudication : Neurogenic
* pattern
* relief
* common cause

A
  • pattern : not predictable
  • relief : position related (seated w/ flexion )
  • common cause DJD , spinal canal stenosis
129
Q

Type of claudication : vascular
* pattern
* relief
* common cause

A
  • pattern : predictability reproducable
  • relief : always with rest
  • common cause : asterioclrerosis , bueger’s
130
Q

Test for claudication: Time

A
  • 120 steps per minute = + when pain in calves
131
Q

Test for claudication: bicycle test

A
  • pt pedal fast until painful. rest until painless repeat = + if pain in calves
  • indicates vascular claudication
132
Q

Bueger’s
* AKA:
* Age :
* Detail :
* symptom :
* test :

A
  • AKA: thromboangitis obliterans
  • Age : 20-40 males
  • Detail : excess tobaco smoking
  • symptom : intermittent vascular claudication. non healing ulcer and gangrene
  • test : claudication time
133
Q

Raynaud’s
* Age :
* Detail :
* symptom :
* Test :

A
  • Age : younger than 15 yo
  • Detail : associated w/ buerger’s , collagen disease, schleroderma.
  • symptom : cold, stress, emotion, arterioal spasm, triphasic color changes ( white-red-blue ) , fimger tip ulcers, gangrene, cold sensitivity
  • Test : allen’s test
134
Q

Varicous veins
* Age:
* detail : seen with who
* symptoms:
* Test :

A
  • Age: Over 20 yo
  • detail : pregnant women or overweight adults
  • symptoms: dilated tortous channels,
  • test : perthe’s
135
Q

Deep vein thrombosis
* Symptom :
* test :
* Lab
* management

A
  • Symptom : tenderness, edema, pain
  • test : homan’s
  • Lab : d -dimer
  • management : ER or vascular specialist
136
Q

Pulmonary embolism
* detail : risks
* symptom :
* cause :

A
  • detail : blockage of artery in the lung by a substance that
    travelled from other part of the body through
    bloodstream.
    : risk is increased on flying and prolonged bed rest
  • symptom : difficulty breathing, chest pain in inspiration, palpitations
  • cause : thrombus ( blood clot from deep veins in legs )
137
Q

reflex sympathetic dystrophy
* AKA :
* detail :
* symptom :

A
  • AKA : complex regional pain syndrome
  • detail : chronic pain condition
  • symptom : intense pain, get worse over time,changes in temperature and color of skin over affected limb or body part. intense burning pain, skin sensitivity, sweating and swelling
    *
138
Q

Telangiectasia
* detail
* where?

A
  • small superficial dilated blood vessel.
  • anywhere in body but common on face, nose and cheeks and chin
139
Q
  • Petechia
A
  • pinpoint hemorrage
140
Q

RBC
* definition :
* Increased :
* Decreased :

A
  • definition : # of rbc per unit of blood
  • Increased : primary polcythemia vera
  • Decreased : anemia
141
Q

Hemoglobin (Hb)
* definition :
* Increased :
* Decreased :

A
  • definition : direct measure of weight of hemoglobin per unit of volume of blood
  • Increased : dehydration, polycythemia vera
  • Decreased : Anemia
142
Q

Hematocrit (Hct)
* definition :
* Increased :
* Decreased :

A
  • definition : packed cell volume ratio of the volume of rbc to that of whole blood.
  • Increased :Dehydration, polycythemia vera
  • Decreased : anemia
143
Q

Mean corpuscular volume
* definition :
* Increased :
* Decreased :

A
  • definition : average concentration of hb in a given volume of circulating thrombocytes/ volume
  • Increased : macrocytic anemia
  • Decreased : microcytic anemia
144
Q

Mean corpuscular hb concentration
* definition :
* Increased :
* Decreased :

A
  • definition : average concentration of hb in a given volume of packed cells
  • Increased : macrocytic anemia
  • Decreased : microcytic anemia
145
Q

Platelets thrombocytes
* definition :
* Increased :
* Decreased :

A
  • definition : absolute quantification of circulating thrombocytes/volume
  • Increased : polycythemia ,trauma, blood loss
  • Decreased : anemia, extensive or burns, thrombocytopenia
146
Q

WBC
* definition :
* Increased :
* Decreased :

A
  • definition : absoulte quantification of total circulating wbc/ unit of blood
  • Increased : acute infection inflammation, leukemia,
  • Decreased :overwhelming infection, viral condition
147
Q

WBC differential count
* definition :
* Increased :
* Decreased :

A
  • neutrophils = bacterial infection
  • lymphocytosis = virus
  • monocytosis = chronic inflammation
  • eosinophils = allegy / parasits
  • basophils = heparin prodiuction / histamine release
148
Q

sickle cell anemia
* detail :
* cause :
* commonly seen with who ?

A
  • detail : nucleated rbc
  • cause : hgb S
  • commonly seen with who ? african americans
149
Q

Thalassemia
* AKA:
* Detail :
* Cause :
* Seen where?

A
  • AKA: mediterranean anemia
  • Detail : presents with microcytic target cells
  • Cause : decreased beta chain synthesis
  • Seen where? mediterranean , north africa, south east asia
150
Q

Ertythroblastosis fetalis
* Cause

A
  • caused by an RH+ dad and RH- mom
151
Q

Megoblastic anemia
* detail

A
  • macrocytic normochromic
  • B9/folic
  • B12/cyanocobalamin
  • PLS /combined system disease
152
Q

Iron deficiency anemia

A
  • hypochromic microcytic
  • seen with chronic blood loss and pregnancy
153
Q

aplastic anemia
* Detail :

A
  • decrease in all blood cells,
  • seen with drugs,chemotherapy, MM , RA, Leukopenia, acute blood loss, benzene poisonning , thrombocytopenia
154
Q

Urine : Color : straw

A

normal

155
Q

Urine : Color red

A

blood or food pigments,

156
Q

Urine : Color green

A
  • biliverdin
  • bile duct
  • pseudomonas
  • bad protein digestion
157
Q

Urine : Color Blue

A
  • diuretic therapy, pseudomonas infection, bad protein digestion
158
Q

Urine : Color brown

A
  • bile pigments
  • blood
  • bile duct
  • occult blood
  • homogentisic acid
159
Q

Urine : Color Black

A
  • homogenistic acid
  • urobilin
  • bacteria
160
Q

Urine : Appearance : hazy or cloudy

A
  • epithelia cells , wbc, rbc , crystals , sperm, microorganism
161
Q

Urine : Appearance : milky

A
  • wbc or fat
162
Q

Urine : ph

A
  • normal is 4-8
163
Q

Urine : specific gravity

A
  • 1.01-1.03
  • increase bacterial infection, diabetes mellitus, kidney abnormalities
164
Q

Urine: Glucose
normal
increased

A
  • normal = none detected , renal threshold is over 180 mg
  • Incrased = DM , shock, injury to head, pancreatic dx, renal tubular dx
165
Q

Urine : ketones
* normal :
* Increased :

A

Urine :
* normal : none
* Increased : starvation, DM , weight loss diet, inadequate carbohydrate intake

166
Q

Urine : protein
* normal :
* Increased :

A
  • normal : none
  • Increased : kidney disorder, toxemia of pregnancy, multiple myelogma
167
Q

Urine : Urobilinogen
* normal :
* Increased :
* decreased :

A
  • normal : .1-1 ei unit/ml
  • Increased : hemolytic dx , hepatic dx
  • decreased : bilary obstruction
168
Q

Urine : blood
* normal :
* Increased :

A
  • normal : none
  • Increased : tumor, trauma, kidney infection, kidney stones, hypertension, bleeding disorder
169
Q

Urine : casts
Hyaline
epithelial
RBC
WBC
Waxy

A

Hyaline = normal
epithelial = tubular dmg
RBC =glumerolonephritis
WBC = pyelonephritis
Waxy=renal failure, nephorsis

part 2 / 3 boards (7 decks)

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