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Human Structure Block 3 FA22 > Histology of the Endocrine System > Flashcards

Histology of the Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 classes of hormone compounds?

A
  1. Steroid (lipid-soluble)
  2. Peptide (water-soluble)
  3. Amino acid analogues & derivatives (water-soluble)
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2
Q

What class of hormone is secreted by cells of the ovary, testes, & adrenal cortex?

A

Steroid

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3
Q

What class of hormone is secreted by cells of the hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, pancreas, GI, & Resp. Tract?

A

Peptide

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4
Q

What class of hormone includes thyroxine, epinephrine, and norepinephrine?

A

Amino Acid Derivates

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5
Q

What gland is found at the base of the brain and is connected to the hypothalamus via a stalk?

A

Pituitary gland

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6
Q

What are the two parts of the pituitary gland?

A

Anterior
Posterior

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7
Q

What are the three subdivisions of the anterior pituitary gland? `

A
  1. Pars distalis
  2. Pars intermedia
  3. Pars tuberalis
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8
Q

What does the posterior pituitary gland consist of?

A
  1. Pars nervosa
  2. Infundibular stalk
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9
Q

What gives rise to the Ant. Pit.? (Embryo)

A

Ectoderm

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10
Q

What gives rise to the post. pit?

A

Neuroectoderm

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11
Q

What is the pituitary portal system comprised of?

A

Primary capillary plexus and a secondary capillary plexus

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12
Q

Hormone releasing factors (RH) are produced by hypothalamic neurons and then released into the…

A

Primary capillary plexus

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13
Q

From the primary capillary plexus, hormone releasing factors (RH) drain into the….
(This is where they act on endocrine cells in the AP)

A

Secondary capillary plexus

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14
Q

What 3 cell types are described in the Pars distalis?

A
  1. acidophils
  2. basophils
  3. chromophobes
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15
Q

What are acidophils?

A

Bind acid dyes and stain pink or orange

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16
Q

What are basophils

A

Bind basic dyes and typically stain blue

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17
Q

What are Chromophobes?

A

Pale-staining and may represent degranulated chromophils

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18
Q

What do acidophils secrete?

A

Growth Hormone (somatotropin) & Prolactin
(GPA)

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19
Q

What do basophils secrete?

A

ACTH
TSH
FSH
LH
(B-FLAT)

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20
Q

T/F: Thyrotropes are acidophils

A

FALSE; basophils

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21
Q

What do thyrotropes produce?

A

TSH

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22
Q

What are thyrotropes stimulated by?

A

TRH

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23
Q

TSHa acts on the ____________, stimulating production of _______ & ________

A

Thyroid
T3 & T4

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24
Q

T/F: Gonadotropes are basophils

A

True

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25
Q

Gonadotropes provide what hormones in both sexes

A

LH, FSH

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26
Q

What are the target organs of gonadotropes?

A

Testes & Ovaries

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27
Q

What are gonadotropes stimulated by?

A

GnRH

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28
Q

T/F: Corticotropes are acidophils

A

FALSE; basophils

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29
Q

Corticotropes produce POMC which is then cleaved into _________________

A

ACTH

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30
Q

What stimulates corticotropes?

A

CRH

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31
Q

ACTH acts on the ____________ to produce ____________

A

Adrenal cortex; cortisol

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32
Q

T/F: Somatotropes are acidophils

A

TRUE

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33
Q

Somatotropes are the most abundant cells in the POSTERIOR pituitary (T/F)?

A

FALSE - Ant. Pit.

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34
Q

What do somatotropes produce?

A

Growth Hormone

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35
Q

What stimulates somatotropes?

A

GHRH

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36
Q

What does GH stimulate?

A

Liver & other organs to secrete IGF-1 (which promotes stem cell growth)

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37
Q

What does GH target directly (w/ anabolic effects)?

A

Cartilage & Bone

38
Q

T/F: Lactotropes are acidophils

A

TRUE

39
Q

What do lactotropes produce?

A

Prolactin - stimulates milk production in the breast

40
Q

What stimulates and inhibits lactotropes?

A

Stimulates: TRH
Inhibits: Dopamine

41
Q

If a patient has a pituitary adenoma and it affects somatotrophs, lactotrophs, and corticotrophs - what would be seen?

A

Somatotrophs: Excess GH (acromegaly)
Lactotrophs: Excess prolactin, decreased FSH & LH, infertility
Corticotrophs: Cushing’s disease

42
Q

What do pars intermedia cells secrete?

A

Melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH) and endorphins

43
Q

Which MSH regulated production of melanin?

A

Alpha-MSH

44
Q

Posterior pituitary gland is composed of what two things?

A
  1. unmyelinated axons
  2. pituicytes (support cells)
45
Q

What is a herring body? Where are they found?

A

-Dilations or swellings of the axon, filled with neurosecretory vesicles
-Post. Pit. Gland Axons

46
Q

What do herring body swellings contain?

A

ADH & Oxytocin

47
Q

What is the function of ADH? When is it secreted?

A

-Increased water reabsorption back into circulation form filtrate in kidney tubules
-Released in response to extracellular hypertonicity (dehydration)

48
Q

What is the milk-ejection reflex?

A

Oxytocin acting on mammary gland, causes milk to be “let down” into lactiferous ducts during lactation

49
Q

What is parturition?

A

Causes uterine contractions during the second and third stages of labor (oxytocin)

50
Q

What does the pineal gland develop from?

A

Neuroectoderm

51
Q

What two cell types are in the pineal gland?

A
  1. Interstitial glial cells (like astrocytes)
  2. Pinealocytes (modified neurons)
52
Q

What do pinealocytes secrete?

A

Melatonin

53
Q

When is melatonin secreted?

A

At night

54
Q

What inhibits melatonin secretion?

A

Light input from the eye

55
Q

What are the calcified concretions found in the pineal gland?

A

Brain sand (corpora arenacea)

56
Q

What does the thyroid develop from?

A

Endoderm

57
Q

What is unique about how the thyroid stores its secretory products?

A

-Stores it extracellularly in the lumen. It is in cyst-like follicles.

58
Q

A thyroid follicle is formed by a _________________________ enclosing a lumen filled with _______________.

A

Simple Epithelium
Colloid

59
Q

Colloid is a viscous gel that contains mostly

A

Iodinated thyroglobulin

60
Q

What cells types are found in the thyroid follicle?

A
  1. Follicular cells
  2. Parafollicular cells
61
Q

In the lumen of follicular cells what is found (besides tyrosine residues)

A

T4. T3

62
Q

What are the actions of T3 & T4?

A

-Regulate metabolism and growth
-Increase O2 consumption of almost all tissues
-Bind to nuclear receptors (inc/dec gene expression)

63
Q

Colloid levels for hyper- and hypo- thyroidism

A

HYPO: too much colloid
HYPER: too little colloid

64
Q

what do parafollicular cells secrete?

A

calcitonin

65
Q

What is the function of calcitonin?

A

Lowers Blood Ca++ by inhibiting bone resorption by osteoclasts

66
Q

What is graves disease?

A

Autoimmune disease where IgG binds to the TSH receptor on follicular cells, activating the secretion of T4 and T3. Hyperthyroid symptoms.

67
Q

What do parathyroid glands develop from?

A

3rd and 4th pharyngeal pouches (endoderm) in early embryo

68
Q

What two cell types are found in the parathyroid gland?

A
  1. Chief cells
  2. Oxyphil cells
69
Q

What do chief cells secrete?

A

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

70
Q

What is the function of PTH?

A

Increase Blood Ca++ levels

71
Q

How does PTH increase blood Ca++?

A

-Stimulate osteoblast which then stimulate osteoclast
-Osteoclast resorb bone and release Ca++

72
Q

What are oxyphil cells?

A

-Acidophilic cells
-Function not known

73
Q

Adrenal gland cortex and medulla derivatives

A

Cortex: Mesoderm
Medulla: Neural Crest Cells

74
Q

What are the 3 zones in the adrenal cortex (superficial to deep)

A
  1. Zona glomerulosa
  2. Zona fasciculata
  3. Zona reticularis
75
Q

What 3 hormones are produced by the adrenal cortex (steroid hormones)

A
  • mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)
  • Glucocorticoids (cortisol)
  • Androgens (DHEA)

3s (Salt, sugar, sex)

76
Q

The zona glomerulosa secretes what to regulate BP?

A

Aldosterone

77
Q

What stimulates aldosterone production?

A

Angiotensin II

78
Q

What does the zona fasciculata secrete?

A

Hydrocortisone (cortisol)

79
Q

What stimulates glucocorticoid production?

A

ACTH

80
Q

What does the zona reticularis produce?

A

Weak androgens, mainly DHEA

81
Q

What stimulates androgen production?

A

ACTH

82
Q

What do androgens do?

A

Regulate secondary sex characteristics

83
Q

What is unique about ZF and ZR mitochondria?

A

They have tubular cristae in mitochondria

84
Q

What two cells types are found in the adrenal medulla?

A
  1. Chromaffin cells
  2. Parasympathetic ganglion cells
85
Q

What are chromaffin cells?

A

Modified postganglionic sympathetic neurons (NO axons or dendrites)

86
Q

What do chromaffin cells secrete?

A

Epinephrine and norepinephrine

87
Q

What do chromaffin cells synthesize in the adrenal medulla?

A

Norepinephrine and epinephrine

88
Q

Describe cortical blood supply to the adrenal gland

A

ZG:
- Fenestrated capillaries

ZF, ZR:
- Sinusoids supply

89
Q

Describe medullary blood supply to the adrenal gland

A

Comes from two sources:
-Venous blood (rich in hormones) reaches the medulla through cortical sinusoids
-Arterial blood reaches the medulla via direct branches from capsular artery

90
Q

What does contraction of the central adrenomedullary vein do?

A

-Rapidly released hormones from the medulla into the blood

91
Q

What is addison’s disease (AD)?

A

-Adrenal insufficiency (destruction of adrenal cortex) - yields cortisol deficiency, hyperpigmentation of the skin and oral mucosa (from increased MSH secretion)

Human Structure Block 3 FA22 (9 decks)

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